The versatile biomedical applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and composites: therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensing, and regenerative properties

Abstract

Studies of nanosized forms of bismuth (Bi)-containing materials have recently expanded from optical, chemical, electronic, and engineering fields towards biomedicine, as a result of their safety, cost-effective fabrication processes, large surface area, high stability, and high versatility in terms of shape, size, and porosity. Bi, as a nontoxic and inexpensive diamagnetic heavy metal, has been used for the fabrication of various nanoparticles (NPs) with unique structural, physicochemical, and compositional features to combine various properties, such as a favourably high X-ray attenuation coefficient and near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, excellent light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and a long circulation half-life. These features have rendered bismuth-containing nanoparticles (BiNPs) with desirable performance for combined cancer therapy, photothermal and radiation therapy (RT), multimodal imaging, theranostics, drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Bismuth oxyhalides (BiO x , where X is Cl, Br or I) and bismuth chalcogenides, including bismuth oxide, bismuth sulfide, bismuth selenide, and bismuth telluride, have been heavily investigated for therapeutic purposes. The pharmacokinetics of these BiNPs can be easily improved via the facile modification of their surfaces with biocompatible polymers and proteins, resulting in enhanced colloidal stability, extended blood circulation, and reduced toxicity. Desirable antibacterial effects, bone regeneration potential, and tumor growth suppression under NIR laser radiation are the main biomedical research areas involving BiNPs that have opened up a new paradigm for their future clinical translation. This review emphasizes the synthesis and state-of-the-art progress related to the biomedical applications of BiNPs with different structures, sizes, and compositions. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion focusing on challenges and future opportunities is presented.

A nontoxic biocompatible nanocomposite comprising black phosphorus with Au–γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles

“…[4][5][6][7] Aer the immense success of graphene, researchers recently focused on a wide range of thin 2D materials, such as boron nitride, graphite carbon nitride, MXenes, bismuth, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), different types of carbon based nanoparticles and quantum dots. [8][9][10][11][12] The reasons behind their increasing use for biomedical application can be attributed to their unique physicochemical properties, surface-to-volume ratio, atomic thickness, controllable electronic and mechanical properties. 9 Moreover, they are biologically safe or can be functionalized to make them biocompatible aer the interaction with cell and tissues which makes them ideal for their use in biomedical eld.…”

Superwettable Surface Engineering in Controlling Cell Adhesion for Emerging Bioapplications

“…functions into the high-throughput selective platforms for the emerging bioapplications, such as genomic editing, [1,2] drug screening, [3][4][5][6][7] and artificial tissue chip. [8][9][10] How to functionalize surfaces, aiming to cooperate the interaction between the biological items (proteins, cells, and drugs) and surfaces, has become the key point in satisfying such requirements.…”

Energy‐converting biomaterials for cancer therapy: Category, efficiency, and biosafety

“…Besides the above‐introduced radiation‐driven ROS‐ECBs, many other biomaterials have also been developed for improving radiotherapeutic efficacy, Especially for Bi‐based radiation‐driven ROS‐ECBs due to the unique benefits of Bi element including high atomic number and good photoelectric absorption coefficient (Feng et al, 2019; Shahbazi et al, 2020). To date, many kinds of Bi‐based radiation‐driven ROS‐ECBs have been used in RT, such as Bi nanoparticles (Yu et al, 2017), silica‐based bismuth‐gadolinium nanoparticles (Detappe et al, 2017), BiOI quantum dots (Wang, An, Lin, Tian, & Yang, 2020), BSA‐Coated BiOI@Bi 2 S 3 heterojunction nanoparticles (Guo et al, 2017), Au‐Bi 2 S 3 hetero‐nanostructure nanoparticles (Wang et al, 2019), BSA‐Bi 2 Se 3 nanodots (Mao et al, 2016), poly(vinylpyrollidone)‐and selenocysteine‐modified Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles (Du et al, 2017), FeSe 2 /Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles (Cheng et al, 2016), and MnSe@Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles (Song et al, 2015).…”