Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Healthy Poultry Slaughtered for Human Consumption

Abstract

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are commensals that are known to be prevalent in most environments, and they are also an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes. Staphylococcal infections in animal husbandry are a high economic burden. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry slaughtered for human consumption and to study the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Swab samples were recovered from 220 commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Totals of 11 (19.6%), 13 (20.3%), and 51 (51%) MRCoNS were isolated from commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails, respectively. S. lentus was isolated from all homebred chickens, whereas 11 S. lentus and 2 S. urealyticus were isolated from commercial chickens. As for quails, the most prevalent MRCoNS were S. urealyticus. Almost all isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA gene. Most isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and fusidic acid and harbored the ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO genes. This study showed a frequent occurrence of multidrug resistance in MRCoNS isolated from healthy poultry in Portugal.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Cattle, Their Handlers, and Their Surroundings: A Cross-Sectional Study from the One Health Perspective

“…DNA extraction was performed as previously described using lysostaphin and proteinase K (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA) [ 33 ]. All isolates were screened for the presence antimicrobial resistance genes by PCR and sequencing according to their phenotypic resistance: penicillin ( bla Z), aminoglycosides ( aac (6′)-Ie- aph (2″)-Ia, aph (3′)-IIIa, ant (4′)-Ia and str ), macrolides and lincosamides ( erm A, erm B, erm C, erm T, mph C, msr (A/B), lnu A, lnu B, vga A and vga B), fusidic acid ( fus B, fus C and fus D), tetracyclines ( tet M, tet L, tet K and tet O) and chloramphenicol ( fex A, fex B, cat pC194 , cat pC221 and cat pC223 ) ( Table S2 ).…”

Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus from Pets, Livestock, and Wild Animals: Relationship with Clonal Lineages and Antimicrobial Resistance

“…The individual percentage of biofilm formation and phenotypic resistance of the selected isolates is shown in Table 1 . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin and tetracycline were determined by a standard broth microdilution method in sterile 96-well microplates according to the EUCAST guidelines and as described by Silva et al [ 46 , 47 ]. Biofilm formation was carried out as described in Section 2.2 .…”

Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus from Hunters and Hunting Dogs

“…Furthermore, among all MRCoNS only one ( S. lentus VS3211) was multidrug-resistant, and showed resistance to penicillin, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol which was conferred by the mec A , aac (6’)-Ie- aph (2’’)-Ia, aph (3′)-IIIa, mphC , and cat p221 genes. S. lentus is considered to be an animal commensal and pathogen species [ 28 ]. Nevertheless, it has also been identified as the etiological agent of human infections [ 90 ].…”

“…According to the phenotypic resistance profile, each isolate was screened for the presence of the following antimicrobial resistance genes by PCR, as previously described [ 28 ]: bla Z and mec A (β-lactam resistance), aac (6’) -aph (2’’), aph (3’)-IIIa, ant (4’)-Ia and str (aminoglycosides), erm A , erm B , erm C , erm T , msr (A/B) , mph C , lnu A , lnu B , vga A and vga B (macrolides and lincosamide), tet K , tet M, tet L and tet O (tetracycline) and, fex A, fex B, cat pC194 , cat pC221 and cat pC223 (chloramphenicol).…”