Multidrug-resistant Commensal<i>Escherichia coli</i>in Children, Peru and Bolivia

Bartoloni, Alessandro; Pallecchi, Lucia; Benedetti, Marta; Fernandez, Connie; Vallejos, Yolanda; Guzman, Elisa; Villagrán, Ana Liz; Mantella, Antonia; Lucchetti, Chiara; Bartalesi, Filippo; Strohmeyer, Marianne; Bechini, Angela; Gamboa, Herlan; Rodríguez, Hugo; Falkenberg, Torkel; Kronvall, Göran; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Paradisi, Franco; Rossolini, Gian María

doi:10.3201/eid1206.051258

Cited by 112 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…According to our study, the fi rst line antibiotics to be used for the treatment of UTI is nitrofurantoin. In our study, we defi ned those organisms as MDR which were resistant to two or more diff erent structural classes of antibiotics 6 . According to this, 33 (55.0%) MDR isolates were detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Shrestha

Gurubacharya

Maharjan

et al. 2013

J. Nepal Paedtr. Soc.

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Introduction: Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens has increased globally. Updated knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogens in the health institutes is important for the selection of an appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the multi drug resistant urinary isolates in the children from 1 to15 years and evaluate the options for empiric antibiotic therapy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from December 2011 to May 2012 in the Bacteriology laboratory, Kathmandu Model Hospital. Urine samples received in the laboratory were processed for routine, culture and its sensitivity. The antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) recommended Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results: Of the total 372 urine samples received in the laboratory, 60 (16.13%) showed significant growth; of which 55.0 % (33/60) were MDR isolates. Escherichia coli were the predominant isolate from urine sample. Out of 49 Escherichia coli isolates, 27 (45.0%) were Multi drug resistant. Enterococcus faecalis (N=3) was the most predominant Gram positive isolate and 66.67 % (2/3) of this organism were multi drug resistant. Among the first line drugs used against gram negative isolates, nitrofurantoin was the most effective drug followed by quinolones, while among the second line drugs; meropenem was the most effective drug followed by chloramphenicol and amikacin, whereas; nitrofurantoin (100%) was the most effective drug for Gram positive isolates followed by norfloxacin and cefotaxime. Conclusion: High percentages of multi drug resistant uropathogens were revealed in children. Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective drug for gram positive, gram negative and multi drug resistant isolates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multidrug resistance is defi ned as resistance to two or more diff erent structural classes of antimicrobial agents 6 . There is growing concern regarding the resistance to uropathogens to antibiotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Shrestha

Gurubacharya

Maharjan

et al. 2013

J. Nepal Paedtr. Soc.

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“…Increased E. coli [43][44][45][46] and Streptococcus pneumoniae 9,[47][48][49] resistance in younger children generally have been attributed to greater antibiotics use by these children, [43][44][45][46][47] although one study cautioned that this could not be true for quinolone resistance because this drug was not used in their youngest age group. 46 Many investigators lacked data on their subjects' antibiotics use, and only two 9, 45 examined use and age together in a multivariable analysis. Although both found that younger age and greater use were independent risk factors for resistance, they hypothesized that younger age increased risk through elevated use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

Kalter¹,

Gilman²,

Moulton³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Few studies have examined the influence of individual-, household-, and community-scale risk factors on carriage of resistant commensal bacteria. We determined children's medical, agricultural, and environmental exposures by household, pharmacy, and health facility surveys and Escherichia coli cultures of children, mothers' hands, household animals, and market chickens in Peru. Among 522 children with a positive stool culture, by log-binomial regression, using "any antibiotic" and 1-14 (versus 0) sulfa doses in the past 3 months increased children's risk, respectively, for ampicillin-and sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli carriage ( P = 0.01-0.02). Each household member taking "any antibiotic" increased children's risk for sulfamethoxazole-and multidrug-resistant E. coli carriage ( P < 0.0001). Residence in a zone where a larger proportion of households served home-raised chicken (as contrasted with intensively antibiotic-raised market chicken) protected against carrying E. coli resistant to all drugs ( P = 0.0004-0.04). Environmental contamination with drug-resistant bacteria appeared to significantly contribute to children's carriage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli .

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“…to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard and mixed in a sterile test tube at the ratio of 1 to 10 (donor to recipient) and incubated at 37°C for 14 h (Bartoloni et al, 2006). After incubation, samples (0.1 ml) were spread onto the surfaces of Nutrient and MacConkey agar plates supplemented with nalidixic acid (30 μg/ml).…”

Section: Plasmid Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug resistance pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from selected hospitals in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Ocean¹,

Eze²,

Eze³

et al. 2015

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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This work was designed to assess the status of Salmonella and Shigella infections in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria with a view to making informed statements that may guide policy makers and public health experts in the containment efforts against these infections. Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from human faecal samples were examined for resistance to some antibiotic agents using disc diffusion methods. Drug resistant isolates were analyzed for presence of plasmids by basic curing and transferability methods. Age distribution of sources of resistant isolates showed that Shigella isolates from Youths (18 to 30 years) were more resistant to Ampicilin (66.67%) and Augmentin (33.33%) than isolates from Infants (6 months to 4 years) (3% Ampicillin and 0% Augmentin). Salmonella species isolated from Adults (31 and above) were more resistant to Augmentin (45%) and Ampicillin (40%), than isolates from Youths (18 to 31 years) (40% Ampicillin and 36.67% Augmentin). Salmonella isolated from Infants (6 months to 4 years) showed percentage resistance of 28.57% to Ampicillin and 14.29% to Augmentin while isolates from Children (5 to 17 years) showed percentage resistance of 25% to Ampicillin and 12.5% to Augmentin. Salmonella species showed higher percentage resistance to commonly used drugs than Shigella species. The result shows that 8% of Shigella species and 21.5% of Salmonella species were resistant to more than eight antibiotics with (MAR) index of between 0.2-0.9. Results of curing and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) presumptively showed that the resistance traits were plasmid borne. AGE showed plasmids of molecular weights 23.1 kb for both species of Salmonella and Shigella suggesting their possible exchange among them. This was substantiated by conjugative transfer of resistance determinants among few isolates. The results show convincing evidence of the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella and Shigella spp. within the study population.

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Multidrug-resistant CommensalEscherichia coliin Children, Peru and Bolivia

Abstract: Healthy children in urban areas have a high prevalence of fecal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli.

Cited by 112 publications

References 21 publications

Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

Drug resistance pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from selected hospitals in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

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