Drug resistance pattern of Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from selected hospitals in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Abstract

This work was designed to assess the status of Salmonella and Shigella infections in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria with a view to making informed statements that may guide policy makers and public health experts in the containment efforts against these infections. Salmonella and Shigella species isolated from human faecal samples were examined for resistance to some antibiotic agents using disc diffusion methods. Drug resistant isolates were analyzed for presence of plasmids by basic curing and transferability methods. Age distribution of sources of resistant isolates showed that Shigella isolates from Youths (18 to 30 years) were more resistant to Ampicilin (66.67%) and Augmentin (33.33%) than isolates from Infants (6 months to 4 years) (3% Ampicillin and 0% Augmentin). Salmonella species isolated from Adults (31 and above) were more resistant to Augmentin (45%) and Ampicillin (40%), than isolates from Youths (18 to 31 years) (40% Ampicillin and 36.67% Augmentin). Salmonella isolated from Infants (6 months to 4 years) showed percentage resistance of 28.57% to Ampicillin and 14.29% to Augmentin while isolates from Children (5 to 17 years) showed percentage resistance of 25% to Ampicillin and 12.5% to Augmentin. Salmonella species showed higher percentage resistance to commonly used drugs than Shigella species. The result shows that 8% of Shigella species and 21.5% of Salmonella species were resistant to more than eight antibiotics with (MAR) index of between 0.2-0.9. Results of curing and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) presumptively showed that the resistance traits were plasmid borne. AGE showed plasmids of molecular weights 23.1 kb for both species of Salmonella and Shigella suggesting their possible exchange among them. This was substantiated by conjugative transfer of resistance determinants among few isolates. The results show convincing evidence of the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella and Shigella spp. within the study population.

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“…Antimicrobial resistance genes that pose the most significant threat to human medicine are typically found in Gram-negative bacteria (Michelle et al 2018). Previous reports have shown that drug resistance of Salmonella is an emerging global challenge, especially in low-and middle-income countries where misuse and abuse of antimicrobial agents are on the increase (Ocean et al 2015). Furthermore, the emergence and spread of plasmidborne resistance genes that undergo horizontal gene transfer are threatening many last-line antibiotic therapies (Crofts et al 2017).…”