Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from automated teller machine in metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial contamination on surfaces of randomly selected Automated Teller Machine and their sensitivity to antibiotics in São Paulo city, Brazil. The swabs collected aseptically were inoculated in selective and non-selective media in triplicate and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After Gram staining the isolated colonies, complementary biochemical tests were applied. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of all isolates (15 Gram-positive bacteria and 7 Gram-negative bacteria) was determined using the Kirk Bauer method using chloramphenicol, clindamycin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline diffusion discs. All ATM surfaces tested were contaminated with at least one genus of bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (64%), Enterococcus spp. (28%) and Acinetobacter spp. (21%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (14%), Pseudomonas spp. in 12 (14%), Salmonella spp. (7%), Escherichia coli (7%). ATMs in the São Paulo metropolitan region were shown to be contaminated with bacteria that are resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. All Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria isolated were multidrug-resistant, however, the strains were sensitive (S) or showed an intermediate response profile (I) to tetracycline, with the exception of three strains of Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, which were resistant to tetracycline. Norfloxacin and gentamicin showed resistance response profile to all bacteria. Based on these findings, it is recommended to perform hand washing and use of antiseptics after using ATMs.

Isolation and Antibiogram Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Automated Teller Machine (ATM) at Abuja Campus, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

“…In Lafia, Nasarawa State, an investigation of bacterial contamination associated with ATM keypads revealed the existence of harmful microorganisms such as Salmonella sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., and Enterobacter sp. The findings of this study have implications for public health as ATM keypads may serve as sites for the spread of viruses [3].…”

“…In their investigations, Barbosa et al [23], and Aquino et al [24], also identified almost the same spectrum of bacteria, but this time they linked it to multidrug resistance. The human pathogens that were found during this study are enteric bacteria, and they have been linked to nosocomial infections [25][26].…”

Contamination of Automated Teller Machines Surfaces with Multi-drug Resistance Gram-negative Bacteria in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

“…This raises their potential to be vehicles for the transmission of micro-organisms, which cause infections that are difficult to treat as substantiated in numerous studies conducted in Europe, Asia and Africa. 3,[20][21][22][23][24] In Tanzania, little is known about the presence of pathogenic bacteria on ATMs surfaces, however, there is literature indicating the existence of pathogenic bacteria including ESBLs and quinolone resistance bacteria in the community. [25][26][27][28][29] This study aimed to determine the proportion of MDR Gram-negative bacteria contamination on ATMs surfaces and antimicrobial resistance patterns as well as associated factors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.…”