Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI): Adaptation to Orthodontic Patients and Its Psychometric Properties

Abstract

Background: Pain perception may result from orthodontic treatment and should be considered in clinical management. Its assessment should not be limited to the intensity of perceived pain but should also consider the psychosocial and behavioral aspects involved. Objective: The aims of this study were to adapt and validate the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) for orthodontic patients, and present a proposal to calculate an overall score of the pain-related aspects and compare these scores with the usual methodology used. Methods: Face validity of the MPI was estimated and orthodontic version (MPI-Orthodontic) was developed. Factorial validity was evaluated by confirmatory analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity and reliability were estimated. The fit of Second-Order Hierarchical Models was estimated. Concurrent validity of MPI-Orthodontic was evaluated against the Visual Analogue Scale. Invariance of the factorial models was evaluated for independent samples and according to sex and age. Overall score was calculated using the matrix of regression weights and compared to simple arithmetic mean. Results: 507 individuals (63.3% women; age: 26.32 (SD = 11.70) years) participated. For the fit of Part I (psychosocial aspects) of the MPI-Orthodontic, it added correlation between two items and excluded one item; for Part II (behavioral aspects) two items were excluded. The models presented adequate fit to the sample. Reliability was adequate. MPI-Orthodontic presented inva

Pain perception in orthodontic patients: A model considering psychosocial and behavioural aspects

“…A limitation of this study includes the lack of clinical evaluation of the participants regarding orthodontic treatment itself, which could have provided additional evidence related to pain. However, it should be clarified that the individual's report often overlaps with the clinical assessment itself because the way an individual perceives pain usually reflects the impact it will have on their life . Therefore, in this study, we decided to focus on the report of pain perception and not the evaluation of nociceptive stimuli, which may be an interesting avenue of investigation in future studies.…”

“…To address the first objective of the study, the intensity of pain reported by the patients was assessed using the VAS, and the psychosocial and behavioural aspects of pain perception were assessed using the MPI‐Orthodontic . Both instruments are readily available and have been validated for use in a Brazilian sample population . The VAS consists of a horizontal line, 10 cm in length, with two endpoints labelled "no pain" and "worst ever pain experience."…”

“…To address the second objective of this study, the clinical and demographic characteristics were considered independent variables, and Part I and Part II (Second‐Order Hierarchical Model [SOHM]] were considered the dependent variables. Age (years), sex and economic stratum were the demographic characteristics.…”

“…Thus, the assessment of individual pain perception becomes relevant in an integrated understanding of the pain phenomenon. Therefore, pain assessment should not be limited only to the intensity of perceived pain, but should also involve its quality, and the cognitive, psychosocial and behavioural aspects involved …”

“…A proposed instrument to assess pain perception is the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) . The MPI was recently adapted to orthodontic patients (MPI‐Orthodontic, Appendix ) . The MPI‐Orthodontic may be an alternative to extending research investigating the impact of pain on the lives of orthodontic patients.…”