Multidimensional gas chromatography and its applications in food and environmental analysis

Abstract

This review deals with overview of methods of multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC), the classical meaning-conventional heart-cut MDGC, and the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). MDGC is widely used because it increases required separation effi ciency, which cannot be achieved by one-dimensional gas chromatography. Selected applications in food quality and safety, monitoring of environment, food authentication are summarized. This review summarizes the advances and applications of MDGC that have been published over last 10 years.

Terpenes in honey: occurrence, origin and their role as chemical biomarkers

“…There are two ways to perform chiral separations of VOCs: (1) one-dimensional gas chromatography with chiral stationary phases, (2) multidimensional gas chromatography. 66 The enantiomeric ratio of major headspace chiral VOCs in Slovakian monooral honeys (45 unioral samples) was determined 67 using GC with a chiral stationary phase (DB-FFAP column coated with permethyl-b-cyclodextrin). The isomeric ratios of linalool (10), cis-and trans-furanoid linalool oxides (8,9), hotrienol (1) and four isomers of lilac aldehydes (11) were determined, but without identication of the corresponding enantiomers.…”

Enantiomeric distribution of major chiral volatile organic compounds in juniper‐flavored distillates

“…The composition of juniper essential oil used to formulate gin is usually too complex to separate all sample components by standard capillary GC, thus the use of multidimensional chromatography is recommended . A similar observation was reported by Pazitna et al who showed that 1D GC with chiral stationary phases has a limited ability to determine the correct enantiomeric ratios in honey samples . A 2D approach, in which two independent GC ovens equipped with an appropriate switching system (e.g.…”

“…In our previous work, we showed that 1D GC with a chiral stationary phase did not provide sufficient separation efficiency for the separation of very complicated matrices . In this case, compounds are separated into their enantiomers, however, they coelute with other compounds so it was very difficult to obtain a real value for enantiomeric ratios.…”

Analytical Methods for Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent-Markings in Large Wild Mammals: A Review

“…Separation in multi column chromatography occurs by using (a) two columns with different polarity which are connected in series where the whole sample is eluting from the first to the second column; (b) two columns with different polarity connected in series that satisfy the conditions of orthogonality ( GC × GC ) (in this instance the whole sample is eluted from the first column to the second column in some specific time frame); and (c) by using practices, where only a small part of the sample elutes to the second column either via backflash, foreflash, and heart-cut [ 155 ]. Backflash is a method, where the specific portions of the sample eluted from the second column were previously washed from the first column by switching the direction of carrier gas flow to the opposite direction [ 155 ]. Foreflash is used for the removal of remaining solvent, derivatization agent, or other additives [ 155 ].…”

“…Backflash is a method, where the specific portions of the sample eluted from the second column were previously washed from the first column by switching the direction of carrier gas flow to the opposite direction [ 155 ]. Foreflash is used for the removal of remaining solvent, derivatization agent, or other additives [ 155 ]. Heart-cut allows the assignment of one or more fractions from the first dimension to the second dimension with a different polarity.…”