Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A Thereotical Debate

Abstract

Over the last few decades, the term ‘multiculturalism’ has been in debate. This is not only because of issues surrounding cultural diversity, racism, or ‘the minority versus the majority’, but also because of religious differences, especially regarding Muslims in the West. Many queries have been raised about the inclusion of Muslims in European society as they seem to be barbaric and alien, especially after the events of 9/11 in the USA and 7/7 in London. This paper discusses the various complex debates surrounding the term ‘multiculturalism’ in the work of political philosophers like Tariq Modood, Bhikhu Parekh, Will Kymlicka, and others. It first introduces the term ‘multiculturalism’ as interpreted by different scholars and discusses the reasons for its current retreat. Multiculturalism is said to be challenging for religious groups, especially Muslims, because of its incompatibility with liberalism, considered to be the key element of Western civilisation. Therefore, this paper attempts to describe multiculturalism’s relationship with citizenship and the long-term effect of national identity on civil society. It also discusses some basic concepts, like equality and dialogue, in relation to multiculturalism and tries to bring out the differences between liberal equality and the equality experienced under multiculturalism. This paper concludes with some policy recommendations for the adjustment of illiberal minorities (Muslims) within liberal societies (Europe) in the present world of super-diversity.

New Materials Used for the Development of Anion-Selective Electrodes—A Review

“…The subsequent two electrodes were based on a glassy carbon electrode using polypyrrole (PPy) doped with NO 3 − ions as the ion carrier. The electrodes differed in their solid contact layer, which, in the case of the electrode presented in the publication [29], was a pericarpium granati-derived biochar (PGCP) activated with phosphoric acid. PGCP was applied together with PPy, forming a bilayer membrane.…”

“…The next three electrodes are electrodes without IE. They have, as leading electrod glassy carbon (GCE) [87], carbon paste electrode (CPE) [88] and Cu wire [89], respective The publication [87] presents a novel nanocomposite consisting of polypyrrole (PPy), c balt and mesoporous ordered carbon (Co-PPY-OMC), which was deposited on GCE in one-step electrodeposition at constant potential. In order to determine the appropria component ratios of the selective layer, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combin with Box Behnken Design (BBD) was used.…”