Multicultural Validation of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire Shortened Form (ZKA-PQ/SF) Across 18 Countries

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire shortened form (ZKA-PQ/SF) in 18 cultures and 13 languages of different African, American, Asian, and European cultures and languages. The results showed that the five-factor structure with 20 facets replicated well across cultures with a total congruence coefficient of .97. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in adequate fit indices for the five factors based on the comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker–Lewis index (TLI; >.90), and RMSEA (.031-.081). A series of CFA to assess measurement invariance across cultures resulted in adequate CFIs and TLIs for configural and metric invariance. However, factors did not show scalar invariance. Alpha internal consistencies of five factors ranged between .77 (Sensation Seeking) and .86 (Neuroticism). The average alpha of the 20 facets was .64 with a range from .43 (SS4) to .75 (AG1). Nevertheless, alpha reliabilities were lower in some facets and cultures, especially for Senegal and Togo. The average percentage of the variance explained based on the adjusted R2 was 2.9%, 1.7%, and 5.1% for age, sex, and, cultures, respectively. Finally, multidimensional scaling suggested that geographically or culturally close cultures share mean profile similarities.

Normal Personality, the Dark Triad, Proactive Attitude and Perceived Employability: A Cross-Cultural Study in Belgium, Switzerland and Togo

“…Belgian participants were aged 18 to 85 (M = 45.15; SD = 17.10) and 49.9% women; Swiss participants were 18 to 83 (M = 39.77; SD = 16.15) and 58.1% women, and Togolese participants were 18 to 64 (M = 29.05; SD = 9.75) and 43.5% women. The present study was part of a larger multicultural validation study of the shortened Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ/SF) across 18 cultures (Aluja et al, 2019). More precisely, two additional instruments, assessing SPE and proactive attitude, were included in the research protocol among these three countries.…”

“…The PAS nearly reached scalar invariance, but not the ZKA-PQ/SF that exhibited fit indices around threshold or below acceptable standards, when all dimensions were considered together. In fact, Aluja et al (2019) have demonstrated that this instrument could easily exhibit metric invariance across cultures (including our three countries) but not scalar if its factors were tested independently. Overall, our four scales were fully or nearly metric invariant, allowing the study of interrelations between these instruments across groups.…”

“…The ZKA-PQ/SF nearly reached metric invariance but not scalar, suggesting that contextspecific norms have to be considered for this scale. Moreover, Aluja et al (2019) demonstrated that this scale could easily attain metric invariance if its dimensions were considered separately.…”

“…The ZKA-PQ/SF Personality dimensions were assessed using the French version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ/SF; Aluja et al, 2019). This instrument consists of 80 items equally divided into five scales (16 items per scale).…”

“…This could explain why sensation seeking, which may be associated with self-affirmation (Churchill et al, 2018), failed to be related to SPE. Another explanation could be that sensation seeking is a composite of four distinct characteristics-adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition and susceptibility/impulsivity- (Aluja et al, 2019), whose respective contributions to SPE are still unclear and need to be elucidated and clarified. Moreover, many individuals in collectivist countries grow up in relatively controlling families (valuing in-group regulation) characterized by the use of pressure and control rather than autonomy-supporting families (Shin & Kelly, 2013).…”