“…Additionally, Yidiyin, as a safe drug, was not found to have severe side effects, such as chest pain, dyspnea, larynx edema, or asthma in alleviating diabetic patients' ED, quite differently from inhibitors of PDE5. 11,12) Although the pathophysiological causes of diabetic ED are multifactorial, including hyperglycemia and nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, increased oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species, altered angiogenesis, dyslipidaemia, psychological stress, impaired endothelial-and neurogenic-regulated relaxation of penile smooth muscle, [31][32][33] the endothelial-and neurogenic-mediated relaxation of the penile smooth muscle has been identified to be crucial to the initiation and maintenance of normal erectile function. A growing body of evidence indicates that the erectile tissue of diabetic men and experimental type 1 and 2 diabetes animals manifests an inability to relax in response to the activation of nerves or the endothelium.…”