Multi walled carbon nanotube and polyaniline coated pencil graphite based bio-cathode for enzymatic biofuel cell

Nanostructured pencil graphite electrodes for application as high power biocathodes in miniaturized biofuel cells and bio-batteries

“…As far as known, the only PGE-based biocathode found in the literature was developed by Kashyap et al 10 . This biocathode resorted to the mediator ABTS to facilitate the electron transfer between laccase and the polyaniline-MWCNT modified PGE.…”

“…Herein, the positive features of PGEs bioelectrodes with direct electron transfer to the immobilized BOx are assed and critically compared regarding other prior approaches. As far as known, only two studies from the same group assessed the performance of PGEs as biocathodes in biofuel cells, but with immobilized laccase enzyme 10 , 11 . Prior to enzyme immobilization, the suitable PGE regarding the pencil hardness, pre-treatment of its surface and modification with carbon-based nanomaterials is selected after electrochemical evaluation.…”

“…A good example of this is the bilirubin oxidase (BOx) enzyme and the generation of overpotential in the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Its efficiency shows similarities or even outperforms the platinum catalysts 10 , but bypassing the drastic reaction conditions required by the last in the respective fuel cells 11 . The main issue is, in this context, how to assure direct electron transfer to the catalytic site of the BOx enzyme, whom is buried in an insulating glycoproteic shell 12 .…”

Recent Advances in the Direct Electron Transfer-Enabled Enzymatic Fuel Cells

“…Since then, PANI has been utilized as composite materials or prepared as nanofibers (Kim et al, 2011 , 2014 ; Mishra et al, 2017 ), mainly due to its multifaceted functionality and biocompatibility (Yan et al, 2010 ). PANI can be directly electrochemically polymerized or functionalized onto various carbonaceous nanomaterials including graphene, graphene oxide, or carbon nanotubes for enhanced electrical conductivity and enzymatic activity (Schubart et al, 2012 ; Kashyap et al, 2015 ; Kumar et al, 2016 ; Kang et al, 2017 ).…”

A mechanical pencil lead-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite structure as an electrochemical sensor for As(iii) detection

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Therefore, diverse electrochemical measurements utilizing pencil leads have been reported, including the use of Ag-and AgCl-doped pencil lead as a reference electrode in a paper-based device 13 and the use of a pencil-lead working electrode for the measurements of analytes (e.g., antioxidants, dopamine, and uric acid) in garlic, fruit, and vegetable extracts. 14 To further enhance the use of pencil leads for analysis, researchers have fabricated additional structures on them, such as a multiwall carbon nanotube/polyaniline structure as a bio-cathode for an enzymatic bio-fuel cell, 15 electro-polymerized Eriochrome Black T for the simultaneous examination of the oxidation behaviors of dopamine and uric acid, 16 and polypyrrole as a nitrate-sensitive ion-selective electrode. 17 Researchers have also fabricated metallic nanostructures on pencil leads to enhance their performance in electrochemical sensing by taking advantage of nanostructures' properties such as large surface areas and excellent conductivities.…”