Multi-scale multi-dimensional characterization of clay-hosted pore networks of shale using FIBSEM, TEM, and X-ray micro-tomography: Implications for methane storage and migration

Zhu, Hongtao; Huang, Cheng; Ju, Yi‐Hsu; Bu, Hongling; Li, Xiaoshi; Yang, Mingzheng; Qing-zhong, Chu; Feng, Hongye; Qiao, Peng; Qi, Yu; Ma, Pinghua; Zheng, Liming; Lü, Yanjun

doi:10.1016/j.clay.2021.106239

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction methods were applied to the surface morphology, and wholerock mineral and clay mineral analysis of the core samples was conducted to determine the pore structure and mineral composition of the cores and to explore the characteristics of changes in the pore structure and clay minerals of the cores before and after ASP flooding (Fang, et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is one of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies used in many ultra-high-water-cut-stage reservoirs (Zhang et al, 2009;Cheng et al, 2012;Cheng et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2015a;Xv et al, 2015). A large amount of studies indicates that the composition, distribution, and content of clay minerals in the reservoirs have a great influence on the pore structure and physical properties (e.g., porosity and permeability), which will directly affect the oil production efficiency (Chen et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2021). There are many physical and chemical reactions between pore fluids and rock components in the formation during ASP flooding (Song et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2015a;Song et al, 2015;Sheng., 2016), especially the strong water-rock reaction of clay minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response to the Variation of Clay Minerals During ASP Flooding in the Saertu Oilfield in the Songliao Basin

Liang

Wenfu

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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In this paper, the variation of clay minerals and their influence on reservoir physical properties and residual oil before and after ASP flooding are analyzed. The results show that the total amount of clay minerals in reservoirs decreases after ASP flooding in the ultra-high-water-cut-stage reservoirs of the Naner Zone in the Saertu Oilfield, Songliao Basin. Therein, the illite content reduces, while the content of illite smectite mixed-layer and chlorite increases. The content of kaolinite varies greatly. The content of kaolinite decreases in some samples, while it increases in other samples. The clay minerals block the pore throat after ASP flooding. As a result, the pore structure coefficient and the seepage tortuosity increase, the primary intergranular pore throat shrinks, and the pore–throat coordination number decreases. Nevertheless, the dissolution of clay minerals reduces the pore–throat ratio and increases porosity and permeability. The variation of clay minerals after ASP flooding not only intensifies the reservoir heterogeneity but also affects the formation and distribution of residual oil. The residual oil of the oil–clay mixed adsorption state is a newly formed residual oil type related to clay, which accounts for 44.2% of the total residual oil reserves, so it is the main occurrence form of the oil in reservoirs after ASP flooding. Therefore, the exploitation of this type of residual oil has great significance to enhance the oil recovery in ultra-high-water-cut-stage reservoirs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to the Variation of Clay Minerals During ASP Flooding in the Saertu Oilfield in the Songliao Basin

Liang

Wenfu

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…The illite energy spectrum is characterized by Al/Si ratio is close to 0.8 and high K content, and the main elements are O, Al, Si, and K, and the K/Al ratio is close to 0.4 (Uysal, 2000;Uysal et al, 2000Uysal et al, , 2001Uysal et al, , 2006Zhu et al, 2021). I/S (R 3) mainly appears in the form of cotton floc (Figures 6A,G), and its energy spectrum is characterized by K/Ca content close to 0.5 and Al/Si ratio close to 0.5 (More details in the Supplementary material).…”

Section: Clay Mineral Assemblagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kaolinite and the I/S mixed layer account for less than 30% of clay minerals. As the burial depth increases, kaolinite will turn into chlorite when the medium changes from acidic to alkaline (Gao et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2021). The I/S trend of different layers stays stable, but the proportion of illite is high, indicating the high TTI (Time-Temperature Indicator) of the 2014).…”

Section: Clay Mineral Assemblagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kaolinite is mainly observed in the maroon iron clay rock of the upper series of the Hutian section of the Carboniferous in the upper Paleozoic, and it is hard to find kaolinite in the other horizons, which is in the form of vermicular porous (Figure 6B), and its energy spectrum characteristics show that the elements only contain O, Al, and Si, with Si/O ∼1, the Si/Al ∼0.8 (More details in the Supplementary material). It can be observed that kaolinite rarely contains other clay mineral components (Uysal, 2000;Uysal et al, 2000Uysal et al, , 2001Uysal et al, , 2006Zhu et al, 2021).…”

Section: Clay Mineral Assemblagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mesozoic Tectono-Thermal Event of the Qinshui Basin, Central North China Craton: Insights From Illite Crystallinity and Vitrinite Reflectance

et al. 2021

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The Qinshui Basin is in the Central Orogenic Belt of the North China Craton (NCC), and the production of coalbed methane accounts for 70% of China’s total coalbed methane output. Aiming at the unclear dynamic causes of large-scale coalbed methane accumulation in the basin and the unclear response relationship with the destruction of the NCC, we present joint illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance study across the Zijin Mountain and Qincan 1 wells of the Qinshui Basin, respectively. Inverse modeling suggested that tectono-thermal events occurred during the Early Cretaceous, associated with the maximum burial depth and heat flow. The maximum paleo-geothermal temperature and gradient reconstruction results recorded at the Carboniferous strata are 180–190°C and 6.5°C/100 m. The denudation thicknesses recorded by illite crystallinity of Zijinshan and the vitrinite reflectance of the Qincan 1 Well are 3,180.63 m and 3,269.32 m, respectively. We propose that the Qinshui Basin was affected by the extensional environment of the NCC, which caused deep lithospheric thinning and magma upwelling, and a tectono-thermal event occurred during the Early Cretaceous in Qinshui Basin. In addition, the accumulation of coalbed methane, triggered by a tectono-thermal event during the Early Cretaceous, is consistent with the early Cretaceous accumulation and mineralization events in the NCC. Overall, our results reflect the subduction event influence of the western Pacific plate into the East Asian continental plate on the tectono-thermal history of the Central Orogenic Belt of the NCC, which is theoretically significant for clarifying the thermal lithospheric thickness and rheological structure of the basin, as well as the evolutionary history of coalbed methane, and the basin response relationship to the destruction of the NCC.

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Nanoscale physical parameters of source rocks identified by atomic force microscopy: A review

et al. 2022

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The refinement of nanoscale physical parameters of source rocks has benefitted from continuous innovations in technology and methods. Traditional methods for detecting reservoir physical properties are limited by the properties of the instruments. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides new methods and approaches for furthering our understanding and exploring the nanoscale world. Its wide range of applications and gradually developed multiscenario application modes make it an ideal tool for the characterization of nanoscale physical properties of source rocks (coal, shale, mudstone, sandstone, etc.). We highlight the advantages of AFM in regard to performing nondestructive 3D imaging and mechanical property measurements with nanoscale resolution in any desired environment (air, vacuum, liquid). The limitations of AFM applied to source rocks are also summarized. The process has great potential in micro/nanopore characterization, surface morphology characterization, in situ micromechanical property acquisition, wettability research, and so on. The gradual development and improvement of this new model will expand new methods, bring enlightenment to basic research on unconventional oil and gas resources, and provide a scientific basis for the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources.

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Multi-scale multi-dimensional characterization of clay-hosted pore networks of shale using FIBSEM, TEM, and X-ray micro-tomography: Implications for methane storage and migration

Cited by 53 publications

References 85 publications

Response to the Variation of Clay Minerals During ASP Flooding in the Saertu Oilfield in the Songliao Basin

Response to the Variation of Clay Minerals During ASP Flooding in the Saertu Oilfield in the Songliao Basin

Mesozoic Tectono-Thermal Event of the Qinshui Basin, Central North China Craton: Insights From Illite Crystallinity and Vitrinite Reflectance

Nanoscale physical parameters of source rocks identified by atomic force microscopy: A review

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