Multi-objective optimisation of human exposure for various 5G network topologies in Switzerland

Castellanos, German; Gheselle, Simon De; Martens, Luc; Kuster, Niels; Joseph, Wout; Deruyck, Margot; Kühn, Sven

doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109255

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…We obtained FWA network data from simulations using the green radio access network design (GRAND) tool, which is a deployment tool for wireless radio access networks [ 57 ]. The tool is designed for the network planning of cellular networks, i.e., to define base station locations considering mobile users, and has been adjusted to enable the simulation of FWA networks [ 58 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Beelde

Vantorre

Castellanos

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The large bandwidths that are available at millimeter-wave frequencies enable fixed wireless access (FWA) applications, in which fixed point-to-point wireless links are used to provide internet connectivity. In FWA networks, a wireless mesh is created and data are routed from the customer premises equipment (CPE) towards the point of presence (POP), which is the interface with the wired internet infrastructure. The performance of the wireless links depends on the radio propagation characteristics, as well as the wireless technology that is used. The radio propagation characteristics depend on the environment and on the considered frequency. In this work, we analyzed the network characteristics of FWA networks using radio propagation models for different wireless technologies using millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies of 28 GHz, 60 GHz, and 140 GHz. Different scenarios and environments were considered, and the influence of rain, vegetation, and the number of subscribers was investigated. A network planning algorithm is presented that defines a route for each CPE towards the POP based on a predefined location of customer devices and considering the available capacity of the wireless links. Rain does not have a considerable effect on the system capacity. Even though the higher frequencies exhibit a larger path loss, resulting in a lower power of the received signal, the larger bandwidths enable a higher channel capacity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Beelde

Vantorre

Castellanos

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…We select two types of walls: bricks and concrete, representing the material of the reflecting wall. We assume that concrete is for new houses with a probability of appearance of 30%, while 70% of the houses are considered to be made of brick [ 6 ]. The reflection loss depends on the bouncing angle

and the type of material and is described in Equation ( 3 ).…”

Section: Evaluation Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To execute the FWA mmWave study, we designed a simulation tool which performs network planning simulations based on realistic 3D scenarios, accounting for multiple optimisation functions to find the most appropriate network topology [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 51 ].…”

Section: Network Planning and Optimisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main focus is to deliver an optimal network that accounts for realistic environments, including buildings, vegetation and rain parameters that highly affect the propagation losses. To this end, we implement an FWA network planner which includes three-dimensional (3D) ray tracing (RT) and a hierarchical backhaul topology under a multi-objective optimisation graph network based on the tool developed in [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The main novelties of this work are: A hierarchical FWA network planner with ray tracing capabilities to support future bit rate demands of residential users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

Castellanos

Beelde

David

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Fixed wireless access (FWA) provides a solution to compete with fiber deployment while offering reduced costs by using the mmWave bands, including the unlicensed 60 GHz one. This paper evaluates the deployment of FWA networks in the 60 GHz band in realistic urban and rural environment in Belgium. We developed a network planning tool that includes novel backhaul based on the IEEE 802.11ay standard with multi-objective capabilities to maximise the user coverage, providing at least 1 Gbps of bit rate while minimising the required network infrastructure. We evaluate diverse serving node locations, called edge nodes (EN), and the impact of environmental factors such as rain and vegetation on the network design. Extensive simulation results show that defining a proper EN’s location is essential to achieve viable user coverage higher than 95%, particularly in urban scenarios where street canyons affect propagation. Rural scenarios require nearly 75 ENs per km2 while urban scenarios require four times (300 ENs per km2) this infrastructure. Finally, vegetation can reduce the coverage by 3% or increment infrastructure up to 7%, while heavy rain can reduce coverage by 5% or increment infrastructure by 15%, depending on the node deployment strategy implemented.

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“…Lundgren et al [42] propose an innovative technique for measuring exposure from user equipment in the near-field region of the radiating antenna. Finally, Castellanos et al [43] target a multi-objective cellular planning problem that integrates downlink and uplink exposure, concluding that: i) uplink exposure is higher than the downlink one, and ii) both metrics should be considered during the plannig phase of the network.…”

Section: B Uplink Vs Downlink Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rolling-out of 5G antennas over the territory is a fundamental step to provide 5G connectivity. However, little efforts have been done so far on the exposure assessment from 5G cellular towers over young people and "sensitive" buildings, like schools and medical centers. To face such issues, we provide a sound methodology for the numerical evaluation of 5G (and pre-5G) downlink exposure over children, teenagers, schools and medical centers. We then apply the proposed methodology over two real scenarios. Results reveal that the exposure from 5G cellular towers will increase in the forthcoming years, in parallel with the growth of the 5G adoption levels. However, the exposure levels are well below the maximum ones defined by international regulations. Moreover, the exposure over children and teenagers is similar to the one of the whole population, while the exposure over schools and medical centers can be lower than the one of the whole set of buildings. Finally, the exposure from 5G is strongly lower than the pre-5G one when the building attenuation is introduced and a maturity adoption level for 5G is assumed.

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Multi-objective optimisation of human exposure for various 5G network topologies in Switzerland

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

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