Multi-mode operation of a Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) plant providing energy arbitrage and reserve services – Analysis of optimal scheduling and sizing through MILP modelling with integrated thermodynamic performance

Abstract

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Current and Future Profitability of Long-Duration Energy Storage Technologies

“…b LAES is also assumed to be mature as claimed by one of the pioneering companies [43] Data is obtained from literature [44,45,34] and a company web page [43].…”

Liquid air energy storage technology: a comprehensive review of research, development and deployment

“…These approaches could be regarded as cost estimation method for components and table 3 provides a summary, which are based on machine power scale, heat transfer area, pressure ratio, mass flow rate and efficiency etc. • Subsystem cost estimation model Vecchi et al [130], Xie et al [131] and Sveinbjörnsson et al [132] estimated the capital costs of LAES plants based on the cost estimation for the pilot plant data and the so-called 'six-rule' capacity scaling methods. In such a method, the capital investment is divided into three major subsystems of charging, discharging and storage, as described by equations ( 1)-( 4) with P being rated power output/consumption, CAPEX the capital expenditure, E the energy stored, and subscripts cha-for charge process, dis-for discharge process, sto-for storage process, and tot-for total.…”

“…The LAES can also be integrated with a fast-response storage devices, such as battery or flywheel, to provide full-range frequency regulation services to the power grid [192]. Vecchi et al [72,130] performed a techno-economic analysis on LAES for fast reserve and short term operating reserve services in the UK electricity market. Their results showed a portfolio of financially promising reserve services, but such services were found to affect the RTE of LAES as well.…”

“…Frequency regulation services in the UK market[27,130,193].Figure 10. Integration of LAES with ammonia synthesis process.…”

Microgrid application of liquefied air energy storage (LAES) systems

“…At present, there have been a lot of studies on the performance, economy and dynamic simulation of large-scale LAES. The research is devoted to improve the overall efficiency of the system by improving the performance of the components or to coupling LAES with other systems to make full use of the excess energy [15][16][17][18].…”