Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable, end-toend transport protocol, which is most widely used for data services and is very efficient for wired networks. However, experiments and research showed that TCP's congestion control algorithm performs very poorly over Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with degraded throughputs and severe unfairness among flows.In this paper, a deep study has been conducted in order to study the factors that cause congestion in an ad hoc wireless network. Main focus in this report has been to simulate and study the effect of change in topology and number of users on network congestion. Apart from that, the effects of network congestion and the importance of its study have also been highlighted. Congestion is a critical factor, in determining the quality of network. It also determines the dependability and sustainability of a network. Deploying new network infrastructure to tackle congestion problem is not economically viable solution, hence it is important to understand the reasons behind such network operation conditions and then design suitable methods to overcome them. In this paper, various network behaviors' have been simulated using OPNET Modeler 14.5 to study how node's buffer space gives impact to the in-flight packets in ad hoc environment by also taking mobility and power consumption into consideration. With a controlled size of users ( ) the network condition has been simulated. Performance has been measure on several parameters such as throughput, number of packets dropped, and retransmission count and end number of users changed.
Serious and lethal infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Numerous anti-microbial agents have been developed during last few decades for treating these infectious diseases, but these are still expanding worldwide over. Moreover, microorganisms are developing resistance against commercially available medicines. So, antimicrobial resistance is expanding as the most serious health threat particularly in developing countries due to easier availability of anti-microbial drugs. So, scarcity of effective antibiotics is suggesting the pressing demand of new anti-microbial agents. Modern drug discovery regarded heterocyclic compounds as its heart due to their striking structural characteristics. Pyrazole is considered as significant heterocyclic nucleus in modern drug development. This review brings a considerable summary regarding derivatives of pyrazole developed over last decade for their anti-microbial action along with docking studies carrying an expectation that it will be beneficial for medicinal chemists working in anti-microbial drug development.
The Critical Heterogeneous Adaptive Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (CHATSEP) is a reactive protocol having three different energy values for sensor nodes. It incorporates a special adaptive feature of informing the observing base station about the status of the network if there is no transmission to the base station from a long time due to reactive nature of the network. It also includes the concept of Critical Threshold to give priority to important information, so that such information can be communicated directly to the controlling station or through any intermediate node.A modification based on CHATSEP has been proposed in this work. E-CHATSEP aims to prolong the stable period of the sensor nodes by considering an energy factor as well as a distance parameter in determining the threshold value that will be used for new enhanced cluster heads election. The proposed scheme is found to be more efficient than related protocols like LEACH, SEP, TSEP and CHATSEP in terms of throughput, lifetime and energy consumed for a temperature sensing application.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.