Multi-material additive manufacturing: A systematic review of design, properties, applications, challenges, and 3D printing of materials and cellular metamaterials

The mechanism of sample composition variation in the selective laser melting process based on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman system detection

“…AM is an advanced manufacturing technology with a unique manufacturing strategy, which manufactures sophisticated parts with complex structures by depositing raw materials layer by layer or even particle by particle. 1,2 AM is currently used in many cutting-edge elds, including aerospace, [3][4][5][6][7] defense, 8 marine industry, 9 and medicine, 10,11 and has a great potential for the future. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the AM processes, in which the raw metal powder is completely melted using a high-energy laser and rapidly cooled and shaped to form the required parts.…”

Development of digital light processing-based multi-material bioprinting for fabrication of heterogeneous tissue constructs

“…In recent years, several new strategies for multi-material 3D printing using different processes have been reported. 15 For example, a multi-material 3D printer has been reported that uses a microfluidic system and pneumatic solenoid valves to control the mixture of up to eight different materials, allowing compositional control in individual filaments. 16 Digital light processing (DLP) belongs to vat polymerization and is a highly scalable 3D printing technology with high resolution, in which an ultraviolet (UV) lamp projects a 2D pattern onto the target curing surface through a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), and a localized photopolymerization of the resin is initiated by UV light.…”

“…In recent years, several new strategies for multi-material 3D printing using different processes have been reported. 15 For example, a multi-material 3D printer has been reported that uses a microfluidic system and pneumatic solenoid valves to control the mixture of up to eight different materials, allowing compositional control in individual filaments. 16…”

Exploring the Biomedical Potential of PLA/Dysprosium Phosphate Composites via Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: Design, Morphological, Mechanical, and Multimodal Imaging and Finite Element Modeling

“…10,11 butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are the main stream thermosetting polymers that are generally employed by MEX to develop 3D components for suitable applications. 12 The utilization of PLA to develop 3D models for biomedical applications has garnered widespread interest during recent years due its favorable features of low molecular weight, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, printing efficacy, and relatively low fusing temperature in comparison to their counterparts. 13,14 Despite the advantages, the shortcomings of poor degradation behavior and poor cell affinity have accentuated the need for researchers to develop PLA in the form of composites.…”

“…Among these techniques, the salient features of cost effectiveness, simple methodology, defect free product, and minimal postprocessing make the significance of MEX fascinating, especially in the 3D printing of thermoplastic materials . The working principle of MEX involves the extrusion of a thermoplastic filament through a tiny nozzle by heating beyond its melting point followed by their feeding into a 3D printer to facilitate its layer by layer construction to yield a desired product. , Polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are the main stream thermosetting polymers that are generally employed by MEX to develop 3D components for suitable applications . The utilization of PLA to develop 3D models for biomedical applications has garnered widespread interest during recent years due its favorable features of low molecular weight, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, printing efficacy, and relatively low fusing temperature in comparison to their counterparts. , Despite the advantages, the shortcomings of poor degradation behavior and poor cell affinity have accentuated the need for researchers to develop PLA in the form of composites.…”