Multi-Hop Routing Protocols for Oil Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

Alhomyani, Haneen; Fadel, Mai A.; Dimitriou, Nikos; Bakhsh, Helen; Aldabbagh, Ghadah; Alkhuraiji, Samar

doi:10.3390/electronics11132078

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…LoRaWAN multi-hop communication approach has been investigated by several publications in the literature to find out its feasibility in increasing network coverage. It has been used in several LoRaWAN IoT applications, such as environmental monitoring [8], underground monitoring [9], oil pipeline detection [10], and smart cities [11]. This part of the paper covers current research related more to the relaying approaches rather than the routing.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTM-LoRaWAN: A Multi-Hop Communication System for LoRaWAN

Al mojamed

2023

Electronics

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Coverage limitation due to signal attenuation is one of the main challenges facing single-hop LoRaWAN when deployed in IoT applications that require low power consumption and operate over a wide area network. The challenge can be figured out using the dense deployment of typical LoRaWAN gateways to ensure devices can transfer their data to the network server successfully. However, this is considered a costly path because of the requirement of deploying a larger number of gateways. To cope with this, a multi-hop communication strategy can be utilized to extend the coverage of employed LoRaWAN networks, eliminating the need for dense gateway deployment. Thus, this paper proposes a Listen-To-Talk-based Multi-hop LoRaWAN LTM-LoRaWAN, a multi-hop relaying system for a wide area LoRaWAN network. It supports out-of-range devices to deliver their traffic to the gateway without using complex routing mechanisms or routing topology construction. Moreover, the proposed system is dynamic and does not require any special entities or assign specific tasks to specific devices. The paper provides a detailed description of the design and configuration of the proposed LTM-LoRaWAN. Using simulation, the feasibility of the proposed system was demonstrated. The evaluation result showed that the proposed system outperformed one-hop LoRaWAN and achieved better reliability in traffic delivery.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTM-LoRaWAN: A Multi-Hop Communication System for LoRaWAN

Al mojamed

2023

Electronics

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“…Chain-type networks are fundamentally different from other types of networks naturally fit for these types of applications, which may spread over hundreds of miles in distance. These types of networks are also referred to as linear WSNs [19]. Furthermore, in a chain-type network, sensor nodes can be deployed randomly, forming a near-linear pattern (as shown in Figure 2); such a type of formation is still technically known as a chain-type WSN [20].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Liaqat,

Branch,

But

2023

Future Internet

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Linear networks (sometimes called chain-type networks) occur frequently in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, where sensors or actuators are deployed along pipelines, roads, railways, mines, and international borders. LoRa, short for Long Range, is an increasingly important technology for the IoT with great potential for linear networking. Despite its potential, limited research has explored LoRa’s implementation in such networks. In this paper, we addressed two important issues related to LoRa linear networks. The first is contention, when multiple nodes attempt to access a shared channel. Although originally designed to deal with interference, LoRa’s technique of synchronisation with a transmission node permits a novel approach to contention, which we explored. The second issue revolves around routing, where linear networks permit simpler strategies, in contrast to the common routing complexities of mesh networks. We present gossip routing as a very lightweight approach to routing. All our evaluations were carried out using real equipment by developing real networks. We constructed networks of up to three hops in length and up to three nodes in width. We carried out experiments looking at contention and routing. We demonstrate using the novel approach that we could achieve up to 98% throughput. We compared its performance considering collocated scenarios that achieved 84% and 89% throughputby using relay widths of two and three at each hop, respectively. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of gossip routing by using various transmission probabilities. We noticed high performance up to 98% throughputat Tprob = 0.90 and Tprob = 0.80 by employing two and three active relay nodes, respectively. The experimental result showed that, at Tprob = 0.40, it achieved an average performance of 62.8% and 73.77% by using two and three active relay nodes, respectively. We concluded that LoRa is an excellent technology for Internet of Things applications where sensors and actuators are deployed in an approximately linear fashion.

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Modeling the Performance of a Multi-Hop LoRaWAN Linear Sensor Network for Energy-Efficient Pipeline Monitoring Systems

Alhomyani,

Fadel,

Dimitriou

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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In recent years, LoRa technology has emerged as a solution for wide-area coverage IoT applications. Deploying a LoRa single-hop network on applications may be challenging in cases of network deployments that require the installation of linear sensor network topologies covering very large distances over unpopulated areas with limited access to cellular networks and energy grids. In such cases, multi-hop communication may provide better alternative solutions to support these challenges. This research aims to study the deployment of multi-hop linear sensor networks that are energy efficient. The focus will be on assessing the coverage, throughput, and energy consumption benefits that can be achieved and the related tradeoffs that have to be considered when using multi-hop solutions. Since monitoring systems in long-distance infrastructures may benefit from solutions based on multi-hop communication, we consider oil pipeline infrastructures in the Saudi Arabian desert as a case study. An analytical model is considered for estimating the above-stated parameters and evaluating the performance of the multi-hop LoRa WSN (MHWSN) against the single-hop LoRa WSN (SHWSN). In addition, the model is used to study the tradeoffs between throughput and energy consumption in different settings of MHWSNs. Scenarios of oil pipeline monitoring systems in Saudi Arabia are specified for studying the proposed multi-hop system’s performance. The obtained results show that when we have a large-scale network, such as an oil pipeline with medium traffic load requirements, multi-hop topologies may be an efficient deployment solution.

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Multi-Hop Routing Protocols for Oil Pipeline Leak Detection Systems

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

LTM-LoRaWAN: A Multi-Hop Communication System for LoRaWAN

LTM-LoRaWAN: A Multi-Hop Communication System for LoRaWAN

Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossip Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks

Modeling the Performance of a Multi-Hop LoRaWAN Linear Sensor Network for Energy-Efficient Pipeline Monitoring Systems

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