Multi‐Functional Bio‐HJzyme: Revolutionizing Diabetic Skin Regeneration with its Glucose‐Unlocked Sterilization and Programmed Anti‐Inflammatory Effects

Abstract

Antibacterial dynamic therapy (ADT) triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is promising for diabetic infectious disease treatment. However, the limited local O 2 /H 2 O 2 production and post-treatment inflammation remain long-standing issues. To address these challenges, a novel H 2 -evolving bio-heterojunction enzyme (Bio-HJzyme) consisting of graphite-phase carbon nitride/copper sulfide (CN/Cu 2−x S) heterojunction and glucose oxidase (GOx) is created. The Bio-HJzyme offers glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) mimetic activities; provides anti-pathogen properties via programmed light activation; and effectively promotes diabetic wound healing. Specifically, its GPx-mimetic activity and the presence of GOx significantly enhance the yield of H 2 O 2 , which can be catalyzed through POD-mimetic activity to produce highly germicidal •OH. The H 2 O 2 can also be catalyzed to H 2 O and O 2 , assisted by the CAT-mimetic activity. The catalyzed products can then be catalyzed into germicidal •OH and •O 2 − under NIR light irradiation, giving enhanced ADT. Further, CN can split water to form H 2 under solar light, which dramatically suppresses the inflammation caused by excessive ROS. In vivo evaluation confirms that Bio-HJzyme promotes the regeneration of diabetic infectious skin through killing bacteria, enhancing angiogenesis, promoting wound bed epithelialization, and reinforcing anti-inflammatory responses; hence, providing a revolutionary approach for diabetic wounds healing.

Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanospheres with Highly Enzyme-like Antibacterial Activities to Accelerate Infected Wound Healing

“…Deposition of glands and fat, which is present in normal skin, was seen in the CoS + H 2 O 2 -treated group. Maturity of wound tissue regeneration was assessed with Masson staining, and during MT staining, less collagen reduction (staining blue) was observed in the intermediate part, which is strictly controlled during the early proliferative phase of wound healing. , As shown in Figure b, skin regeneration in the saline group was immature, resulting in the presence of wound crusts as well as subwound abscesses. Correspondingly, granulation tissue regeneration in this group was slow and a large number of inflammatory cells and partial vascular ingrowth in the early stages of wound regeneration were visible.…”

“…The platecounting method and live/dead bacteria staining were applied to evaluate the antibacterial activity of CoS. In short, experiments for both E. coli and S. aureus were divided into 10 groups, respectively: (1) (10,30,50, and 70 μg/mL, 0.9 mL) with stirring to form a uniform solution. After incubation for 1 h, the absorbance of the supernatant was examined by a UV−vis spectrophotometer.…”

A nanoenzyme-modified hydrogel targets macrophage reprogramming-angiogenesis crosstalk to boost diabetic wound repair

“…Diverse efforts have been devoted to combat inflammation through the combination of hydrogel and biomimetic nanoenzymes [ 19 , 20 ], yet its anti-inflammatory effect in endothelial cells and the specific mechanism in a hyperoxidative microenvironment has not been explored. To further explore the changes of endothelial cells after different treatments, CeO 2 –Y@ZIF-8@Gel pre-treated HUVEC cells were compared to untreated cells cultured in a hyperoxidative microenvironment via transcriptomics.…”

Gases and gas-releasing materials for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds

“…Existing protocols focus on carbon-nitrogen complexes and biological hydrogen production. 142,[145][146][147][148] For example, Xu et al developed a piezoelectric C 3 N 4 nanosheet supported hydrogel (C 3 N 4 @Gel) for promoting bacterial infected diabetic wound healing that is capable of ultrasonically catalyzing (US) a hydrogen/pore combination of two-dimensional piezoelectric nanomaterials and synergistically antimicrobial biofilms. 148 In the study, C 3 N 4 nanosheets were used as piezoelectric catalysts with wide-band gaps and high biosecurity, enabling H 2 and empty pores generated by ultrasonic catalysis to penetrate into the biofilm quickly to inhibit bacterial energy metabolism and oxidationally deprive the polysaccharide/NADH in the biofilm to destroy the bacterial membrane/electron transport chain, thereby cooperatively eradicating the biofilm internally and externally (Fig.…”