Multi-Feedstocks Biodiesel Production from Esterification of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil, Castor Oil, Palm Oil and Waste Cooking Oil

Abstract

Biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils and animal fat. Abundant sources of vegetable oil in Indonesia, such as Calophyllum inophyllum, Ricinus communis, palm oil, and waste cooking oil, were used as raw materials. Multi-feedstock biodiesel was used to increase the flexibility operation of biodiesel production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a combination of vegetable oils on biodiesel characteristics. Degumming and two steps of esterification were applied for high free fatty acid feedstock before trans-esterification in combination with other vegetable oils. Potassium hydroxide was used as a homogenous catalyst and methanol as another raw material. The acid value of C. inophyllum decreased from 54 mg KOH/gr oil to 2.15 mg KOH/gr oil after two steps of esterification. Biodiesel yield from multi-feedstock was 87.926% with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 ℃, and catalyst of 1%wt.

Multifeedstock Biodiesel Production from a Blend of Five Oils through Transesterification with Variation of Moles Ratio of Oil: Methanol

“…In 2020, the production of biodiesel B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel) for consumption was initiated. Biodiesel production that relies on vegetable oil as the sole feedstock is disadvantageous and can result in shortages of vegetable oil (Hadiyanto et al, 2020). Many countries, including Indonesia, do not sufficiently produce vegetable oil to sustain its use as a raw material for biodiesel production (Hadiyanto et al, 2018).…”

The Concise Latest Report on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Pure Biodiesel (B100) on Engine Performance: Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

“…On the other hand, efforts to find and implement alternative energy are also a strong challenge for many countries, regarding availability, prices, environmental balance, and also policies (Hadiyanto et al, 2020;Kaniapan et al, 2021;Panoutsou et al, 2021;Yusoff et al, 2021). The sustainability of the industrial and transportation sectors with renewable fuels continues to be carried out through the substitution of fossil fuels, either with a fully dedicated system or with a bi-fuel system or a hybrid system (Anderhofstadt & Spinler, 2020;Shao & Dessouky, 2020).…”

“…Palm (Arifin et al, 2019;Marlina et al, 2020) (ii) Coconut (Nanlohy et al, 2020), (iii) Nyamplung/Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Fadhlullah et al, 2015;Fauzan et al, 2020;Pambudi et al, 2021), (iv) Jatropha (Fajar & Setiapraja, 2014;Silitonga et al, 2016), (v) Kemiri sunan/Reutealis trisperma (Supriyanto et al, 2019;Supriyadi & Purwanto, 2018), (vi) Waste cooking oil (Ayu et al, 2019;Hadiyanto et al, 2020), (vii) Rubber (Supriyanto et al, 2019), and (viii) Plastic-derived fuels (Sunaryo et al, 2021). Especially for waste cooking oil, in addition to producing biodiesel, it also contributes to the environment by reducing the potential for waste from restaurants and the cooking oil-based food industry (Kolakoti et al, 2021).…”

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Ether Additives: A Review

“…Along with the outstanding advantages, biodiesel fuel has inherent disadvantages such as high viscosity, higher density and lower volatile characteristics compared to diesel, leading to undesirable effects on combustion behaviour (Lawan et al, 2019) (Nayak et al, 2017) , combustion chamber deposit formation (Pham and Hoang, 2019a), lubrication oil degradation (Pham and Hoang, 2019b). Furthermore, the energy density of biodiesel fuels is lower than that of diesel fuel, so the specific fuel consumption may be higher (Tham et al, 2019) (Hadiyanto et al, 2020). In addition, the cetane number of biodiesel fuels has been reported to be lower than pure diesel fuel.…”