Multi-doped apatite: Strontium, magnesium, gallium and zinc ions synergistically affect osteogenic stimulation in human mesenchymal cells important for bone tissue engineering

Additive manufacturing of barium-doped calcium silicate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds to activate CaSR and AKT signalling and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

“…15 Many different inorganic ions found throughout the human body and in the bone matrix can independently and/or in coordination affect calcification processes in physiologically mineralised bone tissue. [16][17][18] Barium (Ba), an alkaline metal element, also serves a positive function in the bone life cycle and is always present in the ion form. 19 Over the past few decades, many studies have shown that Ba ions might be promising biomaterials for dentistry and orthopaedics owing to their bioactivity and biocompatibility.…”

Development of Biomaterials Based on Biomimetic Trace Elements Co-Doped Hydroxyapatite: Physical, In Vitro Osteoblast-like Cell Growth and In Vivo Cytotoxicity in Zebrafish Studies

“…The conclusion on the cytotoxic effect of the as-prepared THA material from the in vivo zebrafish assay done in this study is that after the exposure to both sHA and THA particles, the trace element doping did not induce mortality or malformation of zebrafish embryos/larvae. In a previous study, Zhao et al [ 15 ] investigated the biological effects of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on zebrafish embryos and found them to cause malformations and hatching delays in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Pujari-Palmer et al [ 29 ] also reported that hydroxyapatite particles induced mortality and malformations of zebrafish embryos/larvae.…”

“…Both studies showed that the hydroxyapatite particles affected the zebrafish embryo development which is different from the results of the present study. The reasons might be due to the difference in the size or shape of the as-prepared THA (micro size with a rod or needle-like morphology) which has an effect on the degree of internalization of material constituents inside embryos [ 15 , 29 ].…”

“…Although many of the synthetic ions co-doped with hydroxyapatite substitutes exhibit excellent results, most of the studies have only considered a few of the trace elements. The challenge of doping hydroxyapatite with synthetic multi-elements was studied by Vukomanovic, M. et al [ 15 ]. In this work, the multi-doped apatites containing Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Ga 3+ ions (HApMgSrZnGa) were synthesized and the promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was observed.…”

Design Strategies and Biomimetic Approaches for Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…In this context, some studies have investigated the solubility behavior of ion-doped and multi-doped apatites, considering that each ion has limited solubility in the apatite lattice, thus resulting only in partial substitution. Although the insertion of foreign bioactive ions, such as Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , and CO 3 2− ions in the apatitic structure causes a general enhancement of the overall solubility in synthetic biological fluids or in cell culture media [ 86 , 90 , 105 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ], the solubility behavior of doped and multi-doped apatites can be quite difficult to predict. In fact, the extent of ion substitution in apatites is subjected to various and interlacing key aspects and the co-existence of different foreign anions and cations can influence substantially the solubility behavior of the resulting matrix.…”