Multi‐cystic (rete testis) supernumerary testis in polyorchidism with underlying microlithiasis: Ultrasound features

Krishnamoorthy, Rajagopal; Morel, JC; Thompson, P.M.; Sidhu, Paul S.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1673.2007.01840.x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In the former case, multiple cysts of varying size can be seen within the extra testis while in the latter case note is made of fine echogenic foci. 12 There is also a report of a lobulated supernumerary testis with an internal septum. 13 Differential diagnosis of polyorchidism includes extratesticular masses like lipomas, adenomatoid tumours or scrotal calculi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparametric ultrasound findings in a patient with polyorchidism

et al. 2017

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Polyorchidism is a rare condition usually incidentally discovered in young patients investigated with ultrasound for unrelated reasons. It is characterized by the presence of unilateral or, rarely, bilateral supernumerary testes which, depending on the type of polyorchidism, may have their own epididymis and vas deferens. Ultrasound, including B-mode and color Doppler technique, represents the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of scrotal diseases, including the characterization of supernumerary testes, which normally appear identical to the ipsilateral testicular parenchyma on every ultrasonographic technique performed. The role of MRI is thus limited to confirming ultrasonographic findings and excluding the presence of malignancy. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a recently introduced ultrasonographic technique providing detailed and sensitive visualization of the perfusion pattern of structures. It can thus be added to the conventional ultrasonographic examination in order to establish the diagnosis, negating the use of more expensive and time-consuming imaging modalities. We present a young patient with an incidentally found supernumerary testis, where new distinctive ultrasonographic findings, like the identification of transmediastinal vessels and a cystic appendage along with the perfusion pattern on contrast-enhanced ultrasound, established the diagnosis of polyorchidism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparametric ultrasound findings in a patient with polyorchidism

et al. 2017

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“…The predominant indications for a scrotal ultrasound examination included pain, discomfort, lump, or testicular mass, and reflect the referral pattern to the department in general. This TML population has been described previously in other publications ( 12 – 14 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular microlithiasis is associated with ethnicity and socioeconomic status

Pedersen

Bartlett

Rafaelsen

et al. 2017

Acta Radiologica Open

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BackgroundThere are limited studies about testicular microlithiasis (TML) and background information such as health, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status.PurposeTo assess the prevalence of TML in relation to socioeconomic status and ethnicity.Material and MethodsFrom a database of scrotal ultrasound examinations in a single institution, all men who underwent routine ultrasound examinations for a variety of symptoms from 1998 to 2015 were included. Skilled observers performed all examinations, and presence of any form of intra-testicular calcification, including TML, was recorded on the examination report and a representative image obtained and stored. A total of 1105 cases with TML were reviewed and random sample of 1105 controls from the same database was also reviewed. Demographics were recorded including ethnicity (white, black, and others) and socioeconomic groups (IMD Quintile).ResultsBlack men had increased prevalence of TML (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.72–2.75) compared with white men. Among the 1105 TML cases, 423 (38.3%) were white, 273 (24.7%) black, 152 (13.8%) had other ethnicities, and 257 (23.2%) had no ethnicity recorded. In the control group of 1105 men without TML, 560 (50.7%) were white, 171 (15.5%) black, 111 (10.0%) had other specified ethnicities, and 263 (23.8%) had no ethnicity recorded. Men from the most deprived socioeconomic groups had higher prevalence of TML than men in the most affluent groups, with a trend in OR from the least deprived to the most deprived group.ConclusionPathogenesis and clinical relevance of TML is unknown but our results point towards possible ethnic and socioeconomic variation in the underlying causes of TML.

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“…However, ischaemic, hormonal (liver cirrhosis) and congenital malformations (cryptorchidism and polyorchidism) are all thought to play a role in their respective patients. [8][9][10] Recently, tubular ectasia of the rete testis has been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing prolonged (> 30 months) haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. It is thought that retention of calcium oxalate crystals has a role in the pathogenesis in these patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tubular ectasia of the rete testis: a diagnostic dilemma

Nair

Abbaraju²,

Krishnamoorthy³

et al. 2008

Ann R Coll Surg Engl

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Tubular ectasia of the rete testis is a pathologically benign process with complex and varied aetiology. It must be differentiated from neoplastic disease of the testis clinically with patient age, mode of presentation, tumour marker status and the characteristic ultrasound and Doppler study findings. Awareness and diagnosis of this clinical entity can prevent unnecessary surgical intervention in these patients.

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Multi‐cystic (rete testis) supernumerary testis in polyorchidism with underlying microlithiasis: Ultrasound features

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Multiparametric ultrasound findings in a patient with polyorchidism

Multiparametric ultrasound findings in a patient with polyorchidism

Testicular microlithiasis is associated with ethnicity and socioeconomic status

Tubular ectasia of the rete testis: a diagnostic dilemma

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