Multi-analytical approach and microstructural characterisation of glasses from the Celtic oppidum of Třísov, Czech Republic, second to first centuries BC

Known Glass Compositions in Iron Age Europe—Current Synthesis and Emerging Questions

“…The lack of glassmaking structures, such as kilns, and associated tools or production waste point to the fact that raw glass was imported from the Mediterranean and shaped into products that were adapted to express a common identity/aesthetic among La Tène populations. Glass used in the production of Celtic artefacts has uniformly been found to contain high Na 2 O and low K 2 O and MgO content, consistent with natron-fluxed glass [7,27,[99][100][101][102]. Other Mediterranean goods, such as wine, as attested by imports of amphorae, were also part of Celtic-Mediterranean trade [100].…”

“…It is definitely interesting to note that only the natron-fluxed glass from the western Mediterranean exhibits unusually high alumina contents [94,95]. It still remains to be seen if this could signify the existence of a Western glass supply chain, because data for Iron Age vitreous materials from the Iberian Peninsula and the islands are overall limited [40,41,[94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]. Beads with a high Al 2 O 3 content (3.42-14.41 wt.…”

“…Proposed routes likely followed major rivers to facilitate transportation. Like for Hellenistic core-formed vessels, Sr/Zr ratios show a division of Celtic glass into Egyptian and Levantine groups [7,25,27,58,59,99,100,102]. High-Zr Egyptian glass was found to be more common among earlier Celtic glass dated to the Lt C1 phase [59,99].…”

“…High-Zr Egyptian glass was found to be more common among earlier Celtic glass dated to the Lt C1 phase [59,99]. The transition to high-Sr Levantine glass occurred during the late Lt C2 phase, around the early 2nd century BCE, and is typical of the late La Tène period (early 2nd-late 1st century BCE) [59,99,102]. This chrono-compositional picture is directly opposite from that noticed for Hellenistic core-formed vessels, where Egyptian compositions feature in chronologically younger Groups II and III [56], which raises the question of what, if further data on Mediterranean Group III vessels do not dispute it, caused this reversal to occur.…”

Ilaps – python software for data reduction and imaging with LA-ICP-MS

“…To demonstrate the usefulness of Ilaps application a range of samples were analysed, such as bulk analysis of archaeological samples, 18,19 imaging of platinum in tumour tissue of a mouse 20 and other biological samples, [21][22][23] geological samples 24,25 or imaging of the corrosion of Ni-based alloy. 26 In addition to Ilaps being used for many transdisciplinary collaborations, it also offers a way to easily handle data from other instruments, such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), 27 just by simple conversion of raw data to t the importing format.…”