This paper discusses the process, prospects, and challenges of making bikini glass in Bida (Nupeland), central Nigeria. The Masagá glassmakers of Bida provide the ideal case study for investigating the production of bikini. Nineteenth-century Arab and European writings have described glassmaking in Nupeland; however, with the exception of the study carried out by Peter Robertshaw and his colleagues in 2009, there is no work that identifies the raw materials and formula used to produce bikini glass. Our recent ethnographic work at Bida provided the opportunities to collect raw glass, beads, and unfused raw material for bikini glass as well as vitrified furnace wall fragments for analysis. We present results of binocular observation and chemical compositional analysis conducted on the raw materials, glass products, and furnace remains to understand the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of various materials connected with the production of bikini. From the manufacture of glass to that of glass ornaments, bracelets, and beads, the documentation of the work of Masagá glassmakers provides new data for the history of glass and its techniques. This information is relevant for understanding glassworking in the past. The paper also addresses issues relating to migration, technology transfer, and culture contact between Nupeland and its neighbors in the Lower Niger region. It argues that the investigation of the production of bikini glass in Bida is essential for expanding our knowledge of the archaeology of glassmaking and glassworking in Sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.
Summary. We have noticed that in the majority of those sportsmen who complain of pubic pain there is lumbar hyperlordosis with tilting of the pelvis and an abnormally horizontal sacrum.We measured in four pelves of fresh cadavers the relationship between inclination of the pelvis in the sagittal plane and strain within the symphysis pubis. Tilting of the pelvis produces a major increase in pressure at the level of the symphysis as the sacrum becomes more horizontal. We propose that this increase in pressure may, at least in part, account for the pubic pain.
Pubalgies et statique du bassinR6sum6. Les auteurs ont constat6 que la plupart des sportifs souffrant de pubalgies pr6sentaient une hyperlordose lombaire avec bascule du bassinet horizontalisation du sacrum.Ils ont mesur6, sur quatre bassins de cadavres frais, la variation des contraintes au niveau de la symphyse en fonction de l'inclinaison du bassin dans le plan sagittal. Une telle bascule, entraine une augmentation importante de la valeur des contraintes en compression, au niveau de la symphyse, quand le sacrum s'horizontalise. Ils 6mettent l'hypoth~se que cette augmentation des pressions entre, du moins en partie, dans le dbterminisme des pubalgies.
Analysis of seven newly discovered engraved La Tène beads from the Mathay-Mandeure sanctuary in Doubs, France, has refined the chronology for the manufacture of such rare artefacts, and increases our understanding of Late Iron Age ritual deposition practices.
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