Mullins effect in swollen rubber: Experimental investigation and constitutive modelling

Chai, Ai Bao; Verron, Erwan; Andriyana, Andri; Johan, Mohd Rafie

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.03.006

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…(a)]. By reregistering the strain to zero, we find that the stress–strain curves overlay closely [Fig. (c)], demonstrating that the extracted samples do not display a significantly noticeable stress softening.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Extracting uncrosslinked material from low modulus sylgard 184 and the effect on mechanical properties

Glover

McLaughlin

McFarland

et al. 2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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Commercial silicone elastomers are commonly used in soft materials research due to their easily tunable mechanical properties.However, conventional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers with moduli below $100 kPa contain uncrosslinked free molecules, which play a significant role in their behavior. To utilize these materials, it is important to quantify what role these free molecules play in the mechanical response before and after their removal. We present a simple and inexpensive extraction method that enables the removal of free molecules from a lightly crosslinked sheet of Sylgard 184, a commercially available PDMS elastomer. The materials can contain a majority of free molecules yet maintain a thin and flat geometry without fractures after extraction. Subsequently, we compare the modulus, maximum stretchability, and hysteresis behavior with mixing ratios ranging from 60:1 to 30:1, before and after extraction. We show that the modulus, maximum stretchability, and dissipation increase upon extraction. Moreover, our approach offers a route to prepare crosslinked silicone elastomers with a modulus as low as $20 kPa without free molecules from a commercially available kit.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Extracting uncrosslinked material from low modulus sylgard 184 and the effect on mechanical properties

Glover

McLaughlin

McFarland

et al. 2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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“…While the extension of PE-Model presented here follows the work of Chai et al (2013b), our starting point on the general derivation of the model is different. Indeed, Chai et al (2013b) developed a model based on the consideration that swollen elastomers can be directly treated as isotropic, incompressible and hyperelastic material. Thus, the derivation of the model follows exactly the one of classical hyperelastic material with additional dependence of strain energy on the degree of swelling.…”

Section: Extended-pe Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, two classical models for Mullins effect in dry rubber widely used in the literature are considered and extended to account for swelling: CDM and PE models. It is to note that the approach used for the development of the model in the present work is different with the one proposed by Chai et al (2013b). Indeed, our approach is based on the split of the deformation gradient tensor into mechanical and swelling parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In contrast to dry rubbers, only few studies on the observation and modeling of Mullins effect in swollen rubbers or gels are available in the literature (Webber, Creton, Brown, & Gong, 2007;Lin, Fan, Marcellan, Hourdet, & Creton, 2010;Andriyana, Chai, Verron, & Johan, 2012;Chai, Andriyana, Verron, & Johan, 2013a;Chai, Andriyana, Verron, & Johan, 2013b). Hence, the objective of the present work is to characterize and to model the Mullins effect in rubber under cyclic loading taking into consideration the swelling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling the Mullins effect in elastomers swollen by palm biodiesel

Andriyana

Loo

Chagnon

et al. 2015

International Journal of Engineering Science

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International audienceIn the present paper, experimental investigation and continuum mechanical modeling of Mullins effect in swollen elastomers, due to exposure to palm biodiesel, under cyclic loading conditions are addressed. To this end, the nature of Mullins effect in both dry and swollen elastomers is explored and compared. It is found that swelling reduces Mullins effect. Based on experimental observations, in order to account for swelling in the modeling of Mullins effect, two constitutive equations widely used in literature are considered and phenomenologically extended: Continuum Damage Mechanics model and Pseudo-Elastic model. The efficiency of the two extended models are assessed and perspectives for further development are drawn

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“…Apart from the Mullins effect, the mechanical properties of fiber-rubber composites under the cyclic loading can be used to evaluate the stability of materials, which is a crucial performance index for the engineering application. Consequently, improving the stability of polymer composites is an urgent requirement, and the mechanism study of mechanical hysteresis has continuously been a research focus (Merabia et al, 2008;Drozdov, 2009;Machado et al, 2012;Chai et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Mechanical Hysteresis of Magnetorheological Elastomers Subjected to the Cyclic Loading and Periodic Magnetic Field

Zhang¹,

Huang²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

Front. Mater.

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Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is one of the most promising smart materials with excellent magnetic-control mechanical properties. This work focuses on the study of the dynamic mechanical properties of MRE under cyclic loadings and periodic magnetic field. The influences of matrix, particle distribution, magnetic field on the dynamic mechanical hysteresis are systematically investigated. It is found that all the normal force, magnetic fields and shear strain would cause a hysteresis in the dynamic mechanical responses of MRE. The continuous cycle tests reveal the hysteresis tended to be saturated after several initial cycles. The hysteresis of MRE under the constant magnetic field can be attributed to the rearrangement of particles, which causes a hardening effect of MRE under the continuous dynamic tests. The periodic magnetic field causes a hysteresis in the dynamic modulus which could be attributed to the irreversible movement of the particles. Among them, the polymer matrix of MRE plays an important role in the dynamic mechanical hysteresis, which suggests more stable molecular chain structures in the matrix reducing the magnitude of hysteresis and improving its stability. Besides, the saturation of the mechanical hysteresis had also been studied, and then relevant physical mechanism was proposed for the qualitative explanation.

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Mullins effect in swollen rubber: Experimental investigation and constitutive modelling

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Extracting uncrosslinked material from low modulus sylgard 184 and the effect on mechanical properties

Extracting uncrosslinked material from low modulus sylgard 184 and the effect on mechanical properties

Modeling the Mullins effect in elastomers swollen by palm biodiesel

Dynamic Mechanical Hysteresis of Magnetorheological Elastomers Subjected to the Cyclic Loading and Periodic Magnetic Field

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