Mujeres migrantes transgénero centroamericanas en Tapachula, Chiapas. Apuntes sobre transfrontera y territorialidad

Abstract

Objetivo: Comprender los procesos migratorios de mujeres transgénero centroamericanas en Tapachula, Chiapas (México), analizando estos desplazamientos desde las categorías de cuerpo, territorio-espacio y transfrontera. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico, que a través de entrevistas a profundidad reconstruye los relatos de vida de las colaboradoras. Resultados: Los procesos migratorios de estas mujeres se encuentran ligados a situaciones de desplazamiento forzado por contextos de marginación y precariedad; pero principalmente por violencias vinculadas a relaciones de poder en cuanto a sexo-género, respondiendo a procedimientos de transformación corporal. Conclusiones: La región en tránsito que aquí se presenta está conformada tanto por el movimiento migratorio como por las experiencias corporales de estas mujeres. Es necesario problematizar el territorio y los espacios para elaborar un análisis de los procesos que viven las personas en contextos locales impregnados por situaciones del mundo globalizado, lo que permite conocer la experiencia vivida de quienes coexisten en dichas territorialidades.

The paradox of choice in the sexual and reproductive health and rights challenges of south-south migrant girls and women in Central America and Mexico: A scoping review of the literature

“…(2018) Qualitative Mexico-Guatemala border region 30 female international migrant domestic and agricultural workers aged 18 years and older Assess the prevalence of sexual violence in the context of labor exploitation and subsequent health outcomes among migrant women 22 Medecins Sans Frontieres (2020) Qualitative Mexico, El Salvador 37 women of 480 total participants, mostly Central American migrants in migrant shelters, age range of all participants 15–66 years Explore drivers of migration, migration routes, exposure to violence and principal health problems and barriers migrants face in accessing health services 23 Cardenas-Rodriguez and Vázquez Delgado (2014) Qualitative Mexico northern border Number of interviews not stated but done with personnel from 6 migrant shelters one police task force Evaluate the resources of public policy related to the risks and vulnerability female migrants face in transit 24 Acharya (2019) Qualitative Mexico northern region 68 female internally trafficked sex workers and laborers, exact age range unspecified but below age 15 to over age 25 Explore the prevalence of violence against trafficked sex workers and implications for physical injuries and disabilities 25 Stephen (2019) Qualitative Guatemala 3 young female victims of sexual violence that led first to internal migration then international migration Illustrate historical and contemporary structures and processes of violence that center on the normalization of multiple forms of implied or actual physical and sexual violence against women 26 Wang et al. (2019) Qualitative USA (asylum seekers from Central America) 70 female asylum seekers fleeing gender-based violence, first internal migration then international, aged 18–55 years Elucidate the forms of persecution experienced by asylum seekers fleeing gender-based violence, and the physical and psychological sequelae of this violence 27 Zarco-Ortiz (2018) Qualitative Mexico southern border 2 transgender women international migrants ages not specified Analyze the migratory process of transgender women and their displacements from body, space-territory, and transborder categories 28 Estrada-Tanck (2017) Qualitative M...…”

“…For example, intimate partner and gender-based violence as well as nonconsensual sexual relations violate the right of bodily integrity and the ability to choose whether to be sexually active or not. If taken together, 30 articles touched on issues rooted in these varied aspects of bodily integrity and sexual relations (components four through seven) ( Acharya, 2010 ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2017 ; Goldenberg et al., 2012 ; Gandhi et al., 2015 ; Conners et al., 2017 ; Ojeda et al., 2012 ; Morris et al., 2013 ; Goldenberg et al., 2016 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2017 ; Pintin-Perez et al., 2018 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2020; Rangel et al., 2012 ; Rodriguez-Montejano et al., 2015 ; Kendall and Pelcastre, 2010 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2018 ; Febres-Cordero et al., 2018 ; Goldenberg et al., 2018 ; Servin et al., 2018 ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2020 ; Cardenas-Rodriguez and Vázquez Delgado, 2014 ; Acharya, 2019 ; Stephen, 2019 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Zarco-Ortiz, 2018 ; Estrada-Tanck, 2017 ; Gustafsson, 2018 ; Angulo-Pasel, 2018 ; Rocha-Jimenez et al., 2016 ; Lopez et al., 2015 ). A total of 19 articles described aspects of access to sexual health services – largely for testing for sexually transmitted infections ( Acharya, 2010 ; Camarena Ojinaga et al., 2017 ; Serván-Mori et al., 2013 ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2017 ; Goldenberg et al., 2016 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2017 ; Pintin-Perez et al., 2018 ; Rangel et al., 2012 ; Rodriguez-Montejano et al., 2015 ; Leyva-Flores et al., 2013 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2018 ; Febres-Cordero et al., 2018 ; Goldenberg et al., 2018 ; Servin et al., 2018 ; Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2020…”

“…Recall that themes of stigma and pleasure are considered under the same component in the Guttmacher-Lancet framework. Seven studies brought out issues relevant for equitable and respectful gender relations ( Acharya, 2010 ; Goldenberg et al., 2012 ; Pintin-Perez et al., 2018 ; Kendall and Pelcastre, 2010 ; Zarco-Ortiz, 2018 ; Angulo-Pasel, 2018 ; Lopez et al., 2015 ), two of which touched on issues of sexual orientation and gender identity ( Zarco-Ortiz, 2018 ; Angulo-Pasel, 2018 ).…”

“…Research on sex work took a predominant place in the literature – fourteen papers focused on the topic ( Goldenberg et al., 2012 ; Ojeda et al., 2012 ; Morris et al., 2013 ; Goldenberg et al., 2016 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2017 ; Pintin-Perez et al., 2018 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2020 ; Rodriguez-Montejano et al., 2015 ; Rocha-Jiménez et al., 2018 ; Febres-Cordero et al., 2018 ; Goldenberg et al., 2018 ; Zarco-Ortiz, 2018 ; Rocha-Jimenez et al., 2016 ; Maldonado Macedo, 2020 ) and two others measured the prevalence of sex work among their populations of interest ( Conners et al., 2017 ; Rangel et al., 2012 ). In border areas, migrants represented a large share of sex workers (estimates range between 30 and 60 percent of female sex workers), but it was never clear what share of all female migrants participated in sex work ( Leyva-Flores et al., 2013 ; Febres-Cordero et al., 2018 ; Goldenberg et al., 2018 ).…”

“…Issues of gender equity arose in one study of transgender women. One woman migrated after being fired from work when her employer discovered her trans identity (she had performed at work as a male) ( Zarco-Ortiz, 2018 ). Interestingly, the article on transgender women noted that all three migrants in the study had consciously carried out their journeys as males to reduce risk.…”