Much meat, much malady: changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E

Teo, Chong Gee

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03111.x

Cited by 89 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 139 publications

(239 reference statements)

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“…HEV has been the cause of sporadic acute hepatitis E in Spain (Perez-Gracia et al, 2004) and is considered as an occupational disease . However in industrialized countries, the transmission routes for autochthonous HEV infections remain unknown although F o r P e e r R e v i e w food and environmental routes are considered the most important (Teo, 2010). Since all the patients included in this study were living in urban settings, direct animal contact was not a probable transmission route.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low prevalence of hepatitis E infection among pregnant women in Madrid, Spain

Lindemann

Gabilondo

Romero

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis E virus, a cause of sporadic hepatitis in developed countries is present in Spain. The aims of this study were to determine whether the prevalence of IgG anti‐hepatitis E virus antibodies has increased in recent years in Spain and the prevalence in a study population at risk of developing the disease following the infection. Serum samples from 1,040 women in the first trimester of pregnancy were studied. The prevalence rate of 3.6% has not increased significantly since 1999 in spite of the large number of immigrants from endemic regions. IgM anti‐HEV antibodies were detected in 0.67% of the patients suggesting that although subclinical infection exists the prevalence is very low. The reasons for the differences in the morbidity of HEV in pregnant women in different geographical areas remain unclear. Good hygienic measures and public health conditions are important factors for ensuring low prevalence of hepatitis E in Spain. J. Med. Virol. 82:1666–1668, 2010. 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low prevalence of hepatitis E infection among pregnant women in Madrid, Spain

Lindemann

Gabilondo

Romero

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…These genotypes are relatively conserved and are mostly associated with large epidemics and outbreaks of HEV, which are usually due to consumption of contaminated drinking water (Purcell and Emerson, 2001). Moreover, genotypes 1 and 2 appear to be anthroponotic, since they have been isolated exclusively from human cases (Lu et al 2006;Teo, 2010).…”

Section: Genetic Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (Hev) in South America: Current Status

Mirazo¹,

Ramos²,

Arbiza³

2012

VR&R

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in many developing countries where standards of sanitation and hygiene are poor. HEV is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. However, zoonotic trasmission from animal reservoirs to human by consumption of raw or undercooked meat has also been suggested. In endemic areas, HEV infection occurs as large waterborne epidemics and/or small outbreaks. Sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in developed countries, where its occurrence is not always associated with travel to highly endemic areas. HEV mammalian isolates are classifi ed into four genotypes 1-4, which appear to have a specifi c host range and geographical distribution. The epidemiology of HEV in South America seems to be complex and seroprevalence in human and domestic pigs diff ers both among populations within the same countries and between countries. Additionally, HEV strains have been detected and molecularly characterized and genotype 3 is the most frequently genotype found in the region. Moreover, except for two strains isolated from autochthonous cases of acute hepatitis that occurred in Venezuela and belonged to genotype 1, all sequences detected in South America were classifi ed as within genotype 3. Our understanding of HEV epidemiology has undergone major changes in recent years and despite the fact that several attempts to shed light over the epidemiology of this infection have been carried out in South America, data about the molecular characterization of HEV isolates is still lacking and further investigation is needed. This review summarizes the current status of HEV molecular epidemiology from a regional point of view.

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“…However, the vast majority of hepatitis E cases are recognized in the endemic regions in Asia, Africa and Central America, where transmission is mainly due to faecally contaminated water. Europe is not a endemic region, but sporadic hepatitis E cases have been described in France, The Netherlands, Spain, Hungary, the UK, Denmark, Norway (Teo, 2009), indicating an EU-wide distribution of the virus. In Germany, where hepatitis E cases are notifiable since 2001, a total of 40 to 220 cases per year are registered, with increasing tendency…”

Section: Hepatitis E Virus (Hev)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of HEV in pigs and wild boars in Europe as assayed by PCR ranges from 5.9% to 76% and 3.8% to 25%, respectively (Lewis et al, 2010). HEV sequences closely related to human HEV have also been detected in some species of deer (Teo, 2009). An HEV strain has also been recently detected in farmed rabbits in China (Zhao et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

2011

EFS2

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A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled "to be cooked before consumption". The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey. KEY WORDSFood borne viruses, Norovirus, Hepatitis, Microbiological criteria, molluscs, fresh produce. SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Biological Hazards to initiate a self tasking issue with the purpose to provide up-to-date information on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. The BIOHAZ Panel carried out a review of the available information in the scientific literature with regards to the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses. Where possible the review covered primary production, food harvesting, food processing, and storage/retail until consumption. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of microbiological criteri...

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Much meat, much malady: changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E

Cited by 89 publications

References 139 publications

Low prevalence of hepatitis E infection among pregnant women in Madrid, Spain

Low prevalence of hepatitis E infection among pregnant women in Madrid, Spain

Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (Hev) in South America: Current Status

Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses

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