mRNA expression of dopamine receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of computer game addicts

Vousooghi, Nasim; Zarei, Seyed Zeinolabedin; Sadat‐Shirazi, Mitra‐Sadat; Eghbali, Fatemeh Sadegh; Zarrindast, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1408-2

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Leeman and Potenza, Griffiths et al., Ong et al., Vousooghi et al. ), multiple similarities have been described between addictive gaming and other addictions such as substance dependency or pathological gambling. For example, Fauth‐Bühler and Mann found loss of sensitivity, increased reactivity to related cues, increased impulsivity, and altered reward‐based learning in addictive gamers and pathological gamblers compared with healthy individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Paulus

Ohmann

Gontard

et al. 2018

Develop Med Child Neuro

417

353

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In representative samples of children and adolescents, on average, 2% are affected by Internet gaming disorder (IGD). The mean prevalences (overall, clinical samples included) reach 5.5%. Definitions are heterogeneous and the relationship with substance-related addictions is inconsistent. Many aetiological factors are related to the development and maintenance of IGD. This review presents an integrated model of IGD, delineating the interplay of these factors.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have suggested an association between IGD and a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system . Vousooghi et al . found a reduced number of D5 dopamine receptors in computer game addicts compared with healthy individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Paulus

Ohmann

Gontard

et al. 2018

Develop Med Child Neuro

417

353

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the other hand, a chronic rise in D1R might be a risk factor that predisposes individuals to some type of addiction allowing one to diagnose the severity of the addictive condition [ 281 ]. The expression of DA receptors in the immune system might be a valuable biomarker of the risk for pathologies and addictive conducts; thus, it has also been measured in computer game addicts, in whom DRD5 levels in circulating lymphocytes are lower than in control subjects [ 137 ]. Notably, the personality of volunteers has been correlated with the expression of the DRD3 and DRD4 receptors [ 282 ].…”

Section: Clinical Implications Of the Effects On The Dopaminergic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine

Arreola

Álvarez-Herrera

Pérez‐Sánchez

et al. 2016

Journal of Immunology Research

104

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Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1-like (D1R and D5R) and D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.

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“…The involvement of dopamine appears to differ in non-trivial ways between gaming and substance abuse (e.g. Vousooghi et al, 2015). Similarly, we urge caution in assuming that gaming works similarly to gambling.…”

Section: Distancing Pg From Substance Abuse and Gamblingmentioning

confidence: 91%

Policy on unreliable game addiction diagnoses puts the cart before the horse.

Ferguson¹,

Bean²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2020

Psychology of Popular Media

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Internationally, several policies have been designed to prevent pathological or "problematic" gaming issues in youth, commonly referred to simply as 'game addiction'. Particularly following the release of the World Health Organization's (WHO) "gaming disorder" diagnoses, policy makers may be inclined to enact further policies on this matter. With new data reflecting lack of success for South Korea's shutdown policy, the efficacy of current policy efforts remain in doubt. Given continued controversies regarding whether pathological gaming (PG) or gaming disorder (GD) is best conceptualized as a unique disorder rather than symptomatic of other, underlying disorders, little data has emerged to encourage policy interventions. By contrast, policy interventions at this juncture may risk doing considerable harm and wag the dog in the sense of reifying a pathological gaming disorder that remains problematic and under contentious debate in the field. We advise caution, ethnographic and qualitative research approaches, open science, etiological comprehension, and more time to fully understand whether pathological gaming is the best target for policy interventions and informing clinicians. regarding the efficacy of public policies targeting gaming overuse and provides suggestions for future policies. A Brief Overview of Gaming Overuse Research. Scholarship on gaming overuse began as early as 1983 when perhaps the first article on the topic referred to "junk-time junkies" (Soper & Miller, 1983). In the intervening 36 years a subject search on PsychINFO for ["pathological gaming" OR "video game addiction"] returned 101 articles. So this is definitely a topic of great interest. Several excellent reviews of this topic have been written from varying perspectives (e.g. Hellman et al., 2013; Pontes, 2018). A full summary of this nearly 4-decades old research field is beyond the scope of this paper. Thus our review here is summative. Much of the research has focused on the parameters of pathological gaming. These include issues such as it's conceptual utility, means of diagnosis, biological or neurological markers (if any), distinguishing pathological from engaged gaming (e.g. Charlton & Danforth, 2007), cooccurrence with other mental disorders, as well as cultural reactions to new technology including technophobia and moral panic (Bowman, 2016). Despite several decades of research, opinions among scholars on these issues remain significantly divided. This is not to say that one view is correct and the other wrong, merely to note that a wide ranging literature has not always provided either consensus or clarity on these fundamental issues. Perhaps the one issue most scholars might agree upon is that some individuals play games instead of engaging in other life responsibilities. Yet, whether the games themselves are responsible for this, or whether gaming is a fun activity some people do to distract themselves from other mental health issues remains less clear. Nonetheless, several efforts have moved forward with implementing polici...

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mRNA expression of dopamine receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of computer game addicts

Cited by 15 publications

References 70 publications

Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine

Policy on unreliable game addiction diagnoses puts the cart before the horse.

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