A series of new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles were synthesized in order to obtain new compounds with potential analgesic activity. Compounds were evaluated for their analgesic activities by formalin-induced nociception test. Mefenamic acid (as the reference drug) did not show any activity in the early phase of the formalin test, while compounds 7b, 7c, 8c, and 9a significantly reduced the nociception in this phase. However in the late phase of formalin test all of the target compounds and mefenamic acid showed analgesic activity in comparison to control.

This study highlighted a booster cytotoxic effect of combined rolipram and bevacizumab treatment on the GCSCs primary culture, suggesting that this approach is warranted in treatment of GBMs overexpressing VEGF and PDE4A.

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Drug addiction is a chronic disorder resulted from complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the development and maintenance of addiction and also memory formation in the brain. We have examined passive avoidance memory and morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in the offspring of male and/or female rats with a history of adulthood morphine consumption. Adult male and female animals received chronic oral morphine for 21days and then were maintained drug free for 10days. After that, they were let to mate with either an abstinent or control rat. Male offspring's memory was evaluated by step through test. Besides, rewarding effects of morphine were checked with CCP paradigm. Offspring of abstinent animals showed significant memory impairment compared to the control group which was more prominent in the offspring of abstinent females. Conditioning results showed that administration of a high dose of morphine (10mg/kg) that could significantly induce CPP in control rats, was not able to induce similar results in the offspring of morphine abstinent parents; and CPP was much more prominent when it was induced in the offspring of morphine exposed females compared to the progeny of morphine exposed males. It is concluded that parental morphine consumption in adulthood even before mating has destructive effects on memory state of the male offspring and also leads to tolerance to the rewarding effects of morphine. These effects are greater when the morphine consumer parent is the female one.

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