“…3 As new bone formation occurs via several biological properties such as osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteointegration, 4 only autologous bone graft possesses all these properties and has been used as a gold standard in the treatment of bone defects. 5 Despite this, application of autografts is associated with disadvantages such as providing another surgical site, limited amounts of available bone graft in children and seniors, possibility of bone graft particles moving during their placement, 6 nerve injury, pain, donor site morbidity, and cosmetic concerns. [7][8][9] Although allogeneic and xenogeneic bone grafts have been used as alternatives to the autografts, they have shown some drawbacks such as ethical issues, high cost, immunogenicity, disease transmission, and the possibility of graft rejection, which limit their applications.…”