MR T2 Relaxation Time for the Assessment of Retrobulbar Inflammation in Graves' Ophthalmopathy

Utech, Ch.; Khatibnia, Uta; Winter, Peter F.; Wulle, K. G.

doi:10.1089/thy.1995.5.185

Cited by 64 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…STIR sequences, in particular, have been found useful in detecting oedema in extra-ocular muscles which present T2 relaxation times longer than healthy controls 5,7,24 . Moreover, T2 sequences allow us to observe the therapeutic effect 25 . An accurate interpretation of pathological alterations of EOM and periorbital tissue can suggest the correct therapeutic approach and can even provide pre-clinical information in patients with Basedow's disease without ocular symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Activity in Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with Orbital MR Imaging and Correlation with Clinical Score

et al. 2013

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Activity in Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with Orbital MR Imaging and Correlation with Clinical Score

et al. 2013

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“…However, US does not provide the comprehensive amount of information on the EOM that is available with the use of MRI. SIR determination is considered to reflect free water content, thus an increase usually indicates edematous changes during the active phase of TAO (23,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the T2 signal intensity of the muscles was compared to the SA signal and expressed as a signal-intensity ratio (SIR) in order to reduce individual differences and to compensate for the slight variation in machine sensitivity when used on subsequent occasions. This ratio also eliminates the need to submit the control group to MRI (10,21,24,(27)(28)(29). An increase in SIR might indicate activity due to edema presence (11,18,27,28,30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography compared to magnetic resonance imaging in thyroid-associated Graves' ophthalmopathy

Vlainich

Romaldini

Pedro

et al. 2011

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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Objective: To compare ultrasonography (US) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the clinical activity score (CAS) in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Subjects and methods: Nineteen patients underwent extraocular muscle thickness measurements by US and MRI, reflectivity by US and signal-intensity ratio by MRI. There were also twelve US control subjects. Results: US median thicknesses were greater than in controls. Correlation was found between US and MRI in the median thickness of the left eye rectus medial muscle as well as between signal-intensity ratio (SIR) and thickness by US. An inverse correlation was found between reflectivity and SIR in the inferior and lateral rectus. On associating the tests for detecting activity the best results were obtained with CAS plus MRI (sensitivity 75%), and US and MRI (positive predictive value 77% and specificity 80%). Conclusion: CAS and US results showed poor correlation with MRI results suggesting that they cannot replace each other but when combined these methods can improve the evaluation of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):184-8 Keywords Graves' disease; thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy; orbital ultrasonography; magnetic resonance imaging RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a ultrassonografia (US) à ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e o índice de atividade clínica (IAC) na oftalmopatia de Graves. Sujeitos e métodos: Dezenove pacientes submetidos à medida da espessura dos músculos extraoculares por US e RMN, refletividade ao US e razão da intensidade de sinal (RIS) à RMN. Grupo controle para US de 12 indivíduos. Resultados: Espessura mediana ao US foi maior que dos controles. Houve correlação entre US e RMN na espessura mediana dos músculos retos mediais dos olhos esquerdos e entre a RIS e a espessura ao US e correlação inversa entre refletividade e SIR nos retos inferior e lateral. Detectando atividade, os melhores resultados foram associando IAC e RMN (sensitividade de 75%) e US e RMN (valor preditivo positivo de 77% e especificidade de 80%). Conclusão: Resultados do IAC e US mostraram pouca correlação com a RMN, sugerindo que não podem ser substituídos, mas, quando combinados, esses métodos podem melhorar a avaliação da oftalmopatia associada à tiroide. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):184-8 Descritores Doença de Graves; oftalmopatia associada à tiroide; ultrassonografia orbitária; ressonância magnética nuclear

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“…A prolongation of T2 relaxation time at MRI has been found in GO patients with active eye disease, and the response to immunosuppressive therapy has been associated with a decrease in this parameter (88). However, the MRI signal recognizes fluid accumulation and does not necessarily reflect inflammation.…”

Section: A Whom To Treat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Reality and Perspectives

Bartalena¹

2000

Endocrine Reviews

299

351

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Graves' ophthalmopathy is an debilitating disease impairing the quality of life of affected individuals. Despite recent progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis, treatment is often not satisfactory. In mild cases, local therapeutic measures (artificial tears and ointments, sunglasses, nocturnal taping of the eyes, prisms) can control symptoms and signs. In severe forms of the disease (3-5%), aggressive measures are required. If the disease is active, high-dose glucocorticoids and/or orbital radiotherapy, or orbital decompression represent the mainstay of treatment. If the disease is severe but inactive, orbital decompression is preferred. Novel treatments such as somatostatin analogs or intravenous immunoglobulins are under evaluation. Rehabilitative (extraocular muscle or eyelid) surgery is often needed after treatment and inactivation of eye disease. Correction of both hyper-and hypothyroidism is crucial for the ophthalmopathy. Antithyroid drugs and thyroidectomy do not influence the course of the ophthalmopathy, whereas radioiodine treatment may cause the progression of preexisting ophthalmopathy, especially in smokers. The exacerbation, however, is prevented by glucocorticoids. In addition, thyroid ablation may prove beneficial for the ophthalmopathy in view of the pathogenetic model relating eye disease to autoimmune reactions directed against antigens shared by the thyroid and the orbit.

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MR T2 Relaxation Time for the Assessment of Retrobulbar Inflammation in Graves' Ophthalmopathy

Cited by 64 publications

References 31 publications

Disease Activity in Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with Orbital MR Imaging and Correlation with Clinical Score

Disease Activity in Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Diagnosis with Orbital MR Imaging and Correlation with Clinical Score

Ultrasonography compared to magnetic resonance imaging in thyroid-associated Graves' ophthalmopathy

Management of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: Reality and Perspectives

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