MR Fully Compatible and Safe FBG Breathing Sensor: A Practical Solution for Respiratory Triggering

Abstract

This publication describes an original simple low-cost MR fully-compatible and safe fiber-optic breathing sensor (FOBS), which can be used for respiratory triggering and for monitoring the development of respiratory rate within the MR environment and can, thus, serve as prevention from the hyperventilation syndrome. The sensor is created by encapsulation of the Bragg grating into conventional nasal oxygen cannulas. The sensor is immune to minor patient movements, thus limiting movement artifacts to a minimum. Thanks to this fact it can be used for the retrospective/prospective respiratory gating. The sensor is immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and can thus be used in any magnetic field (1.5T, 3T, and 7T). The sensor prototype has been tested in both laboratory and real magnetic resonance (3T) environments relative to conventional pneumatic respiration references (PRR). The data measured were statistically evaluated using the objective Bland-Altman method (BAM) and the functionality of the proposed solution was confirmed. Respiratory Triggering functionality was confirmed by the radiologic doctors on the basis of analyzing images using the most used respiratory triggered T2 TSE 3D sequences and by objective method using the Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator (BRISQUE). INDEX TERMS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respiratory rate (RR), fiber-optic sensor, fiber Bragg grating (FBG), respiratory triggering.

A Novel FBG-Based Triggering System for Cardiac MR Imaging at 3 Tesla: A Pilot Pre-Clinical Study

“…This is a first study describing the use of purely fiber optic technology for cardiac triggering for MRI scans, which is now based on ECG and POX measurements that face several limitations (see section II-A for more information). As reported in our earlier work, we have demonstrated the capabilities of FBG-based optical sensors for vital sign monitoring [15]- [17]. These investigations provided the foundation for the sensor evaluation in the MR environment that is present in the current paper [15]- [21].…”

Sensing Systems for Respiration Monitoring: A Technical Systematic Review

“…Regarding the tools for measurement processing, Figure 36 shows the distribution of use of the different tools for the wearable and environmental respiration monitoring systems. MATLAB was the preferred software for both types of systems, since it was adopted by half of the studies, while NI Labview was the second most used tool as it appeared in 20–30% of the works [ 2 , 3 , 19 , 63 , 71 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 127 , 129 , 131 , 138 , 142 , 146 , 153 , 163 , 201 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 223 , 225 ]. The rest of the tools relied heavily on the specific sensor used to capture the data.…”

A Comparison Between Novel FPGA-Based Pad Monitoring System Using Ballistocardiography and the Conventional Systems for Synchronization and Gating of CMRI at 3 Tesla: A Pilot Study

“…28. The team of authors has experience with respiratory triggering [73]. Conducting a pre-clinical study that focuses on respiratory triggering will be the subject of further research.…”