Movement-related forebrain and midbrain multiple unit activity in rats

Hypotheses of neuroleptic action: Levels of progress

“…In observations of unrestrained behaving cats, Siegel and his colleagues found that only a small proportion of RF unit activity was related to identified sensory stimuli and that small spontaneous movements produced "far more intense discharge than even the most effective stimuli." On the basis of neuroethological observations we (Malmo & Malmo 1977) have corroborated the high degree of covariation between muscular activity and RF MUA activity and, in addition, we have found significant (though somewhat lower) correlations between muscular activity and MUA activity in the forebrain.…”

“…In the first place, it is Figure 1 presents an example of an RF cell with a motivationally related function that is highly specific. The recordings in Figure 1 were taken from an anesthetized rat during intracarotid administration of a graded series of hypertonic injections (Malmo 1976). The 0.75M NaCl injection had a strong inhibitory effect on the cell, as did the 0.60M NaCl injection, although the latency of the latter was greater than that of the former.…”

Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis

“…They mention no RF recording from their laboratory, citing only one RF stimulation experiment from it, and they refer to only one RF recording study (Vertes 1979). They hardly mention any studies using multiple-unit (MUA) recording from the RF in freely moving rats with behavioral monitoring (Klemm 1971;Malmo & Malmo 1977;Schwartzbaum 1975). Figure 1 shows a typical covariation of RF MUA with head movement and body movement in a rat.…”

“…Vertical line: 200 jiV calibration for film. (From Malmo and Malmo 1977, with permission of Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical-Press). motor activity and degree of change in recorded brain activity, which was studied earlier in Vanderwolf s laboratory (Whishaw & Vanderwolf 1973) with positive results.…”

“…motor activity and degree of change in recorded brain activity, which was studied earlier in Vanderwolf s laboratory (Whishaw & Vanderwolf 1973) with positive results. Other studies suggesting such correlations include EEG, MUA, and unit recording (Arnolds, Lopes da Silva, Aitink & Kamp 1979a, 1979b, 1979cKlemm 1971;Malmo & Malmo, 1977;Schwartzbaum, 1975;Siegel, McGinty & Breedlove, 1977). The reliance of V&R on visual inspection of analog records is conducive to dichotomizing.…”