Mouse model of menstruation: An indispensable tool to investigate the mechanisms of menstruation and gynaecological diseases (Review)

Abstract

abnormal menstruation may result in several pathological alterations and gynaecological diseases, including endometriosis, menstrual pain and miscarriage. However, the pathogenesis of menstruation remains unclear due to the limited number of animal models available to study the menstrual cycle. in recent years, an effective, reproducible, and highly adaptive mouse model to study menstruation has been developed. in this model, progesterone and oestrogen were administered in cycles following the removal of ovaries. Subsequently, endometrial decidualisation was induced using sesame oil, followed by withdrawal of progesterone administration. Vaginal bleeding in mice is similar to that in humans. Therefore, the use of mice as a model organism to study the mechanism of menstruation and gynaecological diseases may prove to be an important breakthrough. The present review is focussed ond the development and applications of a mouse model of menstruation. Furthermore, various studies have been described to improve this model and the research findings that may aid in the treatment of menstrual disorders in women are presented. Contents 1. introduction 2. Mouse model of menstruation 3. Methods of constructing hormone induction model 4. role of nF-κB signalling pathways in endometrial shedding 5. initiation of menstruation 6. applications of a mouse model of menstruation 7. discussion and perspective

Clinical Observation on the Improvement of Serum Sex Hormone and Ovarian Function in Premature Ovarian Failure Patients with Deficiency-Cold Syndrome by Combining Wenjing Decoction with Tiaobu Chongren Acupuncture and Moxibustion

“…According to the hormone theory, abnormal expression of serum reproductive hormone levels in POF patients is the main cause of follicular dysplasia [ 22 ]. In hormone therapy, proglucone and progesterone can supplement estrogen and progesterone, promote follicular development, induce menstruation, and then regulate irregular menstruation and avoid the appearance of amenorrhea, but the side effects are significant [ 23 ]. After treatment in this study, serum E 2 and AMH levels in both groups were increased, while FSH and LH levels were decreased compared with before treatment, and the observation group improved more significantly.…”

Ovulation Enhances Intraperitoneal and Ovarian Seedings of High-Grade Serous Carcinoma Cells Originating from the Fallopian Tube: Confirmation in a Bursa-Free Mouse Xenograft Model

“…The second concern is whether the direct drainage of FF into the peritoneal cavity will change the constitution of peritoneal fluid or affect the peritoneal environment. Third, after mimicking bursa-free ovulation, a robust model simulating menstruation and its backflow is still lacking, although there is a way to induce decidualization and blood-shedding in rodent endometrium by hormone and sesame oil treatment [ 40 ]. Finally, the current in vivo model, although conveying the effect of ovulation on the peritoneal metastasis, is still not a spontaneous orthotopic tumorigenesis model of HGSC.…”

The Molecular Mechanism of Sex Hormones on Sertoli Cell Development and Proliferation

“…The receptors of this hormone are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and occasionally in the Leydig cells. Structurally, two isoform receptors of this hormone exist; namely PR-A and PR-B and these intracellular proteins belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factor (107). High level of progesterone has inhibitory role in spermatogenesis by limiting the production of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells at developmental stage (108).…”