Mount St. Helens: A 30‐Year Legacy of Volcanism

Vallance, James W.; Gardner, Cynthia A.; Scott, William E.; Iverson, Richard M.; Pierson, Thomas C.

doi:10.1029/2010eo190001

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Such complex formations of compound lava domes have been well documented in recent eruptions of Mount Saint Helens [ Major et al , ; Vallance et al , ; Swanson et al , ], Unzen [ Nakada and Fujii , , , ], Montserrat [ Calder et al , ; Ryan et al , ; Watts et al , ], or Santiaguito [ Bluth and Rose , ; Harris et al , ; Rose , ]. When the formation of a compound dome has not been witnessed or monitored, its history and internal structure are more difficult to establish.…”

Section: Muon Imaging Of Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint measurement of the atmospheric muon flux through the Puy de Dôme volcano with plastic scintillators and Resistive Plate Chambers detectors

et al. 2015

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The muographic imaging of volcanoes relies on the measured transmittance of the atmospheric muon flux through the target. An important bias affecting the result comes from background contamination mimicking a higher transmittance. The MU‐RAY and TOMUVOL collaborations measured independently in 2013 the atmospheric muon flux transmitted through the Puy de Dôme volcano using their early prototype detectors, based on plastic scintillators and on Glass Resistive Plate Chambers, respectively. These detectors had three (MU‐RAY) or four (TOMUVOL) detection layers of 1 m2 each, tens (MU‐RAY) or hundreds (TOMUVOL) of nanosecond time resolution, a few millimeter position resolution, an energy threshold of few hundreds MeV, and no particle identification capabilities. The prototypes were deployed about 1.3 km away from the summit, where they measured, behind rock depths larger than 1000 m, remnant fluxes of 1.83±0.50(syst)±0.07(stat) m−2 d−1 deg−2 (MU‐RAY) and 1.95±0.16(syst)±0.05(stat) m−2 d−1 deg−2 (TOMUVOL), that roughly correspond to the expected flux of high‐energy atmospheric muons crossing 600 meters water equivalent (mwe) at 18° elevation. This implies that imaging depths larger than 500 mwe from 1 km away using such prototype detectors suffer from an overwhelming background. These measurements confirm that a new generation of detectors with higher momentum threshold, time‐of‐flight measurement, and/or particle identification is needed. The MU‐RAY and TOMUVOL collaborations expect shortly to operate improved detectors, suitable for a robust muographic imaging of kilometer‐scale volcanoes.

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Section: Muon Imaging Of Volcanoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint measurement of the atmospheric muon flux through the Puy de Dôme volcano with plastic scintillators and Resistive Plate Chambers detectors

et al. 2015

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“…The erosive power of the flows, both from the climactic eruption as well as those that occurred subsequently, quickly carved channels through the fresh Pumice Plain [18], eventually affecting nearly the entire watershed draining the mountain [19] and 80% of the Pumice Plain [20], [21]. Lahar production in this area continued for a decade [22] with major erosional events occurring in 1982, 1983, and 1984 [23]. When lava dome growth resumed in 2004, lahars were again produced [24], further modifying the deposits of the Pumice Plain.…”

Section: A Msh 1980 Pumice Flow Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LiDAR-Derived Surface Roughness Texture Mapping: Application to Mount St. Helens Pumice Plain Deposit Analysis

Whelley

Glaze

Calder

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing

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Statistical measures of patterns (textures) in surface roughness are used to quantitatively differentiate volcanic deposit facies on the Pumice Plain, on the northern flank of Mount St. Helens (MSH). Surface roughness values are derived from a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud collected in 2004 from a fixed-wing airborne platform. Patterns in surface roughness are characterized using co-occurrence texture statistics. Pristine-pyroclastic, reworked-pyroclastic, mudflow, boulder beds, eroded lava flows, braided streams, and other units within the Pumice Plain are all found to have significantly distinct roughness textures. The MSH deposits are reasonably accessible, and the textural variations have been verified in the field. Results of this work indicate that by affecting the distribution of large clasts and tens-of-meter scale landforms, modification of pyroclastic deposits by lahars alters the morphology of the surface in detectable quantifiable ways. When a lahar erodes a pyroclastic deposit, surface roughness increases, as does the randomness inthe deposit surface. Conversely, when a lahar deposits material, the resulting landforms are less rough but more random than pristine pumice-rich pyroclastic deposits. By mapping these relationships and others, volcanic deposit facies can be differentiated. This new method of mapping, based on roughness texture, has the potential to aid mapping efforts in more remote regions, both on this planet and elsewhere in the solar system. Index Terms-Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), MountSt. Helens (MSH), surface roughness, texture, volcanology.

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Development of a volcanic risk management system at Mount St. Helens—1980 to present

Wright,

Driedger,

Pallister

et al. 2023

Bull Volcanol

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Here, we review volcanic risk management at Mount St. Helens from the perspective of the US Geological Survey’s (USGS) experience over the four decades since its 18 May 1980 climactic eruption. Prior to 1980, volcano monitoring, multidisciplinary eruption forecasting, and interagency coordination for eruption response were new to the Cascade Range. A Mount St. Helens volcano hazards assessment had recently been published and volcanic crisis response capabilities tested during 1975 thermal unrest at nearby Mount Baker. Volcanic unrest began in March 1980, accelerating the rate of advance of volcano monitoring, prompting coordinated eruption forecasting and hazards communication, and motivating emergency response planning. The destruction caused by the 18 May 1980 eruption led to an enormous emergency response effort and prompted extensive coordination and planning for continuing eruptive activity. Eruptions continued with pulsatory dome growth and explosive eruptions over the following 6 years and with transport of sediment downstream over many more. In response, USGS scientists and their partners expanded their staffing, deployed new instruments, developed new tools (including the first use of a volcanic event tree) for eruption forecasting, and created new pathways for agency internal and external communication. Involvement in the Mount St. Helens response motivated the establishment of response measures at other Cascade Range volcanoes. Since assembly during the early and mid-1990s, volcano hazard working groups continue to unite scientists, emergency and land managers, tribal nations, and community leaders in common cause for the promotion of risk reduction. By the onset of renewed volcanic activity in 2004, these new systems enabled a more efficient response that was greatly facilitated by the participation of organizations within volcano hazard working groups. Although the magnitude of the 2004 eruptive sequence was much smaller than that of 1980, a new challenge emerged focused on hazard communication demands. Since 2008, our understanding of Mount St. Helens volcanic system has improved, helping us refine hazard assessments and eruption forecasts. Some professions have worked independently to apply the Mount St. Helens story to their products and services. Planning meetings and working group activities fortify partnerships among information disseminators, policy and decision-makers, scientists, and communities. We call the sum of these pieces the Volcanic Risk Management System (VRMS). In its most robust form, the VRMS encompasses effective production and coordinated exchange of volcano hazards and risk information among all interested parties.

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Mount St. Helens: A 30‐Year Legacy of Volcanism

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Joint measurement of the atmospheric muon flux through the Puy de Dôme volcano with plastic scintillators and Resistive Plate Chambers detectors

Joint measurement of the atmospheric muon flux through the Puy de Dôme volcano with plastic scintillators and Resistive Plate Chambers detectors

LiDAR-Derived Surface Roughness Texture Mapping: Application to Mount St. Helens Pumice Plain Deposit Analysis

Development of a volcanic risk management system at Mount St. Helens—1980 to present

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