“…The provision of these volunteer management practices can vary among organisations, depending on the human resource management (HRM) procedures of each organisation. In general, previous studies show that a wide range of organisations did provide training to improve volunteer skills, but only to a small extent (Fletcher, 1987;Hager & Brudney, 2004;Jamison, 2003;Stankiewicz, Seiler, & Bortnowska, 2017). Similarly, when comparing this with the festival context, findings show that organisations either provide limited training (Elstad, 2003), or do not provide training at all to its volunteers (Novcic, 2014), thus showing two different cases of the provision of training in festival organisations.…”