Motion‐Induced Sickness Following Bilateral Ablation of Area Postrema in Squirrel Monkeys

Wilpizeski, Chester R.; Lowry, Louis D.; Goldman, Wendy S.

doi:10.1002/lary.1986.96.11.1221

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Area postrema has been implicated as a trigger zone for motion-induced emesis in the dog (Wang and Chinn, 1954) and monkey (Brizzee et al, 1980). However, more recent results are not as definite regarding its functional role (Borison and Borison, 1986;Wilpizeski et al, 1986;Sutton et al, 1988;Fox et al, 1990), and precisely how the area postrema affects vestibular reflex responses is still controversial (Jovanovic-Micic and Strbac, 1989;Gallo et al, 199 1). Interaction of the area postrema with other areas, for example, the solitary nucleus (Hay and Bishop,199 l), might be involved with homeostatic mechani ns controlling cardiovascular responses and electrolyte balance.…”

Section: Arsanilate Labyrinthectomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

1992

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To identify rat brainstem nuclei involved in the initial, shortterm response to a change in gravito-inertial force, adult Long-Evans rats were rotated in the horizontal plane for 90 min in complete darkness after they were eccentrically positioned off the axis of rotation (off-axis) causing a centripetal acceleration of 2 g. Neural activation was defined by the brainstem distribution of the c-fos primary response gene protein, Fos, using immunohistochemistry.The Fos labeling in off-axis animals was compared with that of control animals who were rotated on the axis of rotation (on-axis) with no centripetal acceleration, or who were restrained but not rotated. In the off-axis animals there was a significant labeling of neurons: in the inferior, medial, and y-group subnuclei of the vestibular complex; in subnuclei of the inferior olive, especially the dorsomedial cell column; in midbrain nuclei, including the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; in autonomic centers including the solitary nucleus, area postrema, and locus coeruleus; and in reticular nuclei including the lateral reticular nucleus and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Also, there was greater Fos expression in the dorsomedial cell column, the principal inferior olive subnuclei, inferior vestibular nucleus, the dorsolateral central gray, and the locus coeruleus in animals who had their heads restrained compared to animals whose heads were not restrained. As one control, the vestibular neuroepithelium was destroyed by injecting sodium arsanilate into the middle ear, bilaterally. This resulted in a complete lack of Fos labeling in the vestibular nuclei and the inferior olive, and a significant reduction in labeling in other nuclei in the off-axis condition, indicating that these nuclei have a significant labyrinth-sensitive component to their Fos labeling. The data indicate that several novel brainstem regions, including the dorsomedial cell column of the inferior olive and the periaqueductal gray, as well as more traditional brainstem nuclei including vestibular and oculomotor related nuclei, respond to otolith activation during a sustained centripetal acceleration.Received Mar. 2, 1992; revised June 5, 1992; accepted June 12, 1992. We thank Jaw-Hem Lee and Huna Nauven for their sutmortine work in our labs. This work is made possible by a griduate student researchepprogram fellowship and NIH Grants DC01086, NS19208, DC001 10, DE06682, and DA06687.Correspondence should be addressed to Alvin J. Normal coordination of body movement and posture depends upon an accurate spatial reference. The otolith organs of the vestibular labyrinth are sensitive to the direction and magnitude of the earth's gravity and could provide a reference for integrating vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information to help control movement. When a sustained change in the gravitoinertial force occurs (e.g., from a novel linear motion, in a microgravity environment, or as a result of inner ear...

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Section: Arsanilate Labyrinthectomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

1992

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“…This was confirmed when labyrinthine-defective individuals [4,5] and labyrinthectomized dogs [6] were shown to possess a total immunity to seasickness. Following discrete removal of the area postrema (the chemosensitive trigger zone for emesis), it was demonstrated that although this structure is involved in the development of motion-induced emesis, it is not an essential component [7]. The vestibulocerebellum conveys information from the vestibular system regarding the position of the head and is involved in the generation of reflex eye movements and changes in posture.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the present study, CBD applied at the doses that produced bi-phasic effects in lithium-and cisplatin-induced emesis in other studies, did not modify emesis induced by motion. This might be due to the differing neuronal pathways involved in the induction of emesis by these emetogenic stimuli; with lithium acting via the area postrema [28] and cisplatin acting via vagal afferents and the area postrema [29], pathways that are not essential to the development of motion sickness [7,30] In further experiments, the effects of ∆ 9 -THC were investigated. The intraperitoneal administration of ∆ to the neurochemical control of the vestibular reflexes [39].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol on Motion‐Induced Emesis in Suncus murinus

Cluny

Naylor

Whittle

et al. 2008

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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The effect of cannabinoids on motion-induced emesis is unknown. The present study investigated the action of phytocannabinoids against motion-induced emesis in Suncus murinus . Suncus murinus were injected intraperitoneally with either cannabidiol (CBD) (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ( ∆ 9 -THC; 0.5, 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle 45 min. before exposure to a 10-min. horizontal motion stimulus (amplitude 40 mm, frequency 1 Hz). In further investigations, the CB 1 receptor antagonist, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1 Hpyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM 251; 5 mg/kg), was injected 15 min. prior to an injection of ∆ 9 -THC (3 mg/kg). The motion stimulus was applied 45 min. later. The number of emetic episodes and latency of onset to the first emetic episode were recorded. Pre-treatment with the above doses of CBD did not modify the emetic response to the motion stimulus as compared to the vehicle-treated controls. Application of the higher doses of ∆ 9 -THC induced emesis in its own right, which was inhibited by AM 251. Furthermore, pre-treatment with ∆ 9 -THC dose-dependently attenuated motion-induced emesis, an effect that was inhibited by AM 251. AM 251 neither induced an emetic response nor modified motion-induced emesis. The present study indicates that ∆ 9 -THC, acting via the CB 1 receptors, is anti-emetic to motion, and that CBD has no effect on motion-induced emesis in Suncus murinus .The signs and symptoms of motion sickness including vomiting, nausea, pallor and general malaise are seen, to some degree, in most people on sufficient exposure to a motion stimulus [1]. As such, motion sickness is a significant problem not only in civilian transport, but also in military training and travel, and also in space travel. The most widely accepted hypothesis regarding the initiation of motion sickness is the sensory conflict or sensory mismatch theory [2].It is proposed that sensory conflict occurs when vestibular, visual and non-vestibular information from somatosensory receptors concerning motion and balance of the body do not relate to each other or to what is anticipated from previous exposure; this leads to motion sickness. The neuronal pathways and the degree of their involvement in the mediation of motion sickness are not fully known. Experiments involving deaf-mutes [3] were the first to show that a functional vestibular system is critical for the development of motion sickness. This was confirmed when labyrinthine-defective individuals [4,5] and labyrinthectomized dogs [6] were shown to possess a total immunity to seasickness. Following discrete removal of the area postrema (the chemosensitive trigger zone for emesis), it was demonstrated that although this structure is involved in the development of motion-induced emesis, it is not an essential component [7]. The vestibulocerebellum conveys information from the vestibular system regarding the position of the head and is involved in the generation of reflex eye movements and changes in ...

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“…It is concluded from these experiments that the area postrema has an essential role in triggering vomiting. The results of another study, however, argued for the opposite conclusion because a lesion restricted to the area postrema with a CO 2 laser changed the mode of vomiting, but did not abolish it [151]. There is also a unique lesion study of a human.…”

Section: Lesions In Area Postremamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the visual signal was masked from squirrel monkeys by an eye patch, vomiting did not occur. In the observations of vomiting, however, at least two factors must be considered: (1) objective and observable vomiting and (2) subjective nausea [150,151]. …”

Section: Motion Sickness or Space Motion Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squirrel Monkeys and Space Motion Sickness

Matsunami¹

2002

Jpn.J.Physiol

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Motion‐Induced Sickness Following Bilateral Ablation of Area Postrema in Squirrel Monkeys

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

Fos-defined activity in rat brainstem following centripetal acceleration

The Effects of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol on Motion‐Induced Emesis in Suncus murinus

Squirrel Monkeys and Space Motion Sickness

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