Mosapride Stabilizes Intestinal Microbiota to Reduce Bacterial Translocation and Endotoxemia in CCl4-Induced Cirrhotic Rats

Abstract

Mosapride significantly increases intestinal motility in cirrhotic rats, thus to recover the disordered intestinal microbiota, finally resulting in decreased plasma endotoxin and BT.

Significance of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and endotoxin levels in Budd‑Chiari syndrome in patients and a rat model

“…This may be due to IVC obstruction directly leading to an increased pressure of the portal vein, resulting in gastrointestinal vein obstruction of blood backflow. In turn, this results in severe intestinal capillary blood flow stasis, rendering the intestine ischemic and hypoxic, leading to intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction, followed by the translocation of intestinal bacteria and endotoxins ( 14 , 15 ). ET entering the portal vein from the intestine is detoxified primarily by liver Kupffer cells, making the liver the predominant organ for ET aggregation ( 27 ).…”

“…The reason for this may be that within the first week post-operatively, ET is confined to the portal vein and still in the clearance capacity range of the hepatic Kupffer cells, so that ET levels in the serum do not significantly increase in the short-term. However, the ET rapidly increased thereafter, which may be due to persistent hypoxia and portal hypertension secondary to IVC obstruction, causing the liver to gather excessive ET ( 14 , 15 , 27 ), beyond the influence of detoxifying Kupffer cells after entering the systemic circulation. The level of ET decreased slightly after 6 weeks, indicating that the initiation of the collateral circulation temporarily relieved endotoxemia.…”

“…Furthermore, after ligation of the IVC, the portal pressure continues to rise and large amounts of ET enter the blood system. The ET degradation product lipid A inhibits ATP synthesis, affecting mitochondrial energy synthesis and respiratory chain electron transport, and inducing the generation of ROS, which in turn aggravates liver injury ( 14 ). In addition, ET enhances the expression of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 in Kupffer cells, inducing the production of a large number of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α.…”

“…Specimens were sliced into 5-µm thick sections, stained with H&E and the pathological changes in the liver tissues were observed with a light microscope at a magnification of ×400 ( 11 , 14 ).…”

“…Endotoxin (ET) is closely associated with OS. When hepatic congestion occurs, intestinal ET enters the portal vein ectopically ( 14 , 15 ). Early studies have reported that ET participates in liver congestion injury ( 16 , 17 ).…”