Mortality and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children Aged <5 Years in Pakistan

Meningitis caused by Neisseria Meningitidis, Hemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococcus Pneumoniae during 2005–2012 in Turkey

“…The case-fatality rate for the laboratory confirmed cases was 3.3%. The median age of fatal cases was 11 mo (interquartile range [IQR], [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The etiology of the mortality were determined N.meningitis, S. pneumoniae, and Hib as 52.4% (n D 11), 33.3% (n D 7), and 14.3% (n D 3), respectively.…”

“…[5][6][7] In infants and children, before the introduction of modern vaccines, 90% of reported cases of acute bacterial meningitis were caused by Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), or Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis). 8,9 Hib meningitis primarily affects very young children, most cases occurring in children from 1 mo to 3 y of age. 3,9 The introduction of highly effective Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines has virtually eliminated invasive Hib disease in most industrialized countries where routine Hib vaccination has been implemented.…”

“…3,9 The introduction of highly effective Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines has virtually eliminated invasive Hib disease in most industrialized countries where routine Hib vaccination has been implemented. 8,9 In most countries, S. pneumoniae was the next major cause of childhood bacterial meningitis, particularly in those where Hib disease has been eliminated by vaccination. 10 In some European and sub-Saharan African countries, it is the second most frequently reported cause of septic meningitis after meningococcal cases.…”

Simultaneous Detection of Bacterial Meningitis in Suspected Cases of Meningitis in Children Using PCR Assay, In Taif, Saudi Arabia

“…Before the introduction of vaccines, 90% of reported cases of BM in infants and children, were caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Neisseria meningitidis [4,5].…”

Progress towards Demonstrating the Impact of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines Globally

“…9 Hib vaccine was introduced in Vietnam in 2009, and surveillance is ongoing to evaluate its impact on severe pneumonia. The studies from Pakistan and Bangladesh 10,11 illustrate the long-term community impact of bacterial meningitis overall, including that caused by Hib and focus on neurologic sequelae. These findings support those of an earlier study in Senegal, also supported by the Hib Initiative.…”