Progress towards Demonstrating the Impact of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines Globally

Hajjeh, Rana; Mulholland, Kim; Schuchat, Anne; Santosham, Mathuram

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.03.022

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“… 7 , 8 Both bacterial and viral meningitides can place a substantial burden upon families, communities, and societies. 9 , 10 , 11 Although bacterial meningitis has often been associated with persistent intellectual impairment, some viral pathogens, such as parechovirus, have also been associated with impaired developmental attainment. 12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immunisation programmes targeting the major bacterial pathogens— Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae— have successfully reduced cases of meningitis in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. 10 , 13 , 14 The H influenzae type b vaccine is now part of immunisation programmes across 19 countries and the pneumococcal vaccine is part of immunisation programmes across 134 countries. 15 The MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign delivered over 270 million doses of menin-gococcal A protein-polysaccharide conjugate (MenA) vaccine to children and young adults in 21 of the 26 countries of the meningitis belt between 2010 and 2018, which resulted in a marked decline in cases of disease; 14 the meningitis belt was first defined as a “region south of the Sahara between latitudes 4 and 16 0 N” and was later expanded to include the Sahelian parts of Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal ( appendix ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Zunt¹,

Kassebaum²,

Blake³

et al. 2018

The Lancet Neurology

255

160

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SummaryBackgroundAcute meningitis has a high case-fatality rate and survivors can have severe lifelong disability. We aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of global meningitis burden that could help to guide introduction, continuation, and ongoing development of vaccines and treatment programmes.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2016 study estimated meningitis burden due to one of four types of cause: pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and a residual category of other causes. Cause-specific mortality estimates were generated via cause of death ensemble modelling of vital registration and verbal autopsy data that were subject to standardised data processing algorithms. Deaths were multiplied by the GBD standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost, the mortality component of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A systematic analysis of relevant publications and hospital and claims data was used to estimate meningitis incidence via a Bayesian meta-regression tool. Meningitis deaths and cases were split between causes with meta-regressions of aetiological proportions of mortality and incidence, respectively. Probabilities of long-term impairment by cause of meningitis were applied to survivors and used to estimate years of life lived with disability (YLDs). We assessed the relationship between burden metrics and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of development based on fertility, income, and education.FindingsGlobal meningitis deaths decreased by 21·0% from 1990 to 2016, from 403 012 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 319 426–458 514) to 318 400 (265 218–408 705). Incident cases globally increased from 2·50 million (95% UI 2·19–2·91) in 1990 to 2·82 million (2·46–3·31) in 2016. Meningitis mortality and incidence were closely related to SDI. The highest mortality rates and incidence rates were found in the peri-Sahelian countries that comprise the African meningitis belt, with six of the ten countries with the largest number of cases and deaths being located within this region. Haemophilus influenzae type b was the most common cause of incident meningitis in 1990, at 780 070 cases (95% UI 613 585–978 219) globally, but decreased the most (–49·1%) to become the least common cause in 2016, with 397 297 cases (291 076–533 662). Meningococcus was the leading cause of meningitis mortality in 1990 (192 833 deaths [95% UI 153 358–221 503] globally), whereas other meningitis was the leading cause for both deaths (136 423 [112 682–178 022]) and incident cases (1·25 million [1·06–1·49]) in 2016. Pneumococcus caused the largest number of YLDs (634 458 [444 787–839 749]) in 2016, owing to its more severe long-term effects on survivors. Globally in 2016, 1·48 million (1·04—1·96) YLDs were due to meningitis compared with 21·87 million (18·20—28·28) DALYs, indicating that the contribution of mortality to meningitis burden is far greater than the contribution of disabling outcomes.InterpretationMeni...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Zunt¹,

Kassebaum²,

Blake³

et al. 2018

The Lancet Neurology

255

160

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Internationally, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) has been funding Hib vaccine since 2005[ 17 ]. As of 2013[ 18 ], all GAVI eligible countries have introduced the vaccine. Other jurisdictions have published their experience with non-Hib infections and, similar to our findings have also documented a gradual increase in the incidence of invasive non-Hib infections[ 9 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Non-Serotype B Disease in Ontario, Canada from 2004 to 2013

et al. 2015

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BackgroundSince the widespread use of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) type b (Hib) vaccines among children aged <5 years, an increase in invasive non-Hib disease incidence has been reported internationally. We sought to describe the epidemiology of invasive non-Hib disease in Ontario, Canada (population ~13.5 million).MethodsConfirmed invasive non-Hib cases (non-typeable [NTHi] and serotypes a, c, d, e, and f) were obtained from the provincial laboratory data system from 2004–2013. Data were deterministically linked to the provincial reportable disease system to provide further case information. Antibiotic resistance data were analysed separately from 2010–2014. Descriptive analyses included incidence rates, age group, serotype, site of specimen collection and resistance patterns; ethnicity data were not available. Temporal trends were evaluated by Poisson regression and p-values <0.05 were considered significant.ResultsA total of 1307 cases of invasive non-Hib disease were included, increasing from 0.67 cases to 1.60 cases /100,000 from 2004 to 2013. Significant increases in the incidence of NTHi (0.50 to 1.28 cases/100 000 population), Hia (0.02 to 0.08 cases/100, 000) and Hif (0.13 to 0.18 cases/100, 000 population) were seen. Among persons aged 40–64 years, 3 Hi strains significantly increased over time; NTHi (0.22 to 0.99 cases/100, 000), Hia (0.00 to 0.06 cases/100, 000) and Hif (0.05 to 0.21 cases/100, 000). Among persons aged 65–84 years, there was a significant increase of NTHi (1.62 to 3.14 cases/100, 000) and Hia (0.00 to 0.34 cases/100, 000). Among persons aged 85+ years, only NTHi significantly increased from 4.89 to 10.28 cases/100, 000). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to ampicillin and clarithromycin was seen in greater than 25% of isolates but AMR did not increase over the duration of this study.ConclusionsThe incidence of invasive non-Hib disease has increased over time; NTHi, Hif and Hia are emerging pathogens, and should be monitored.

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“…The first decade of NCIRD coincided with major progress in accelerated uptake of new or underused vaccines in developing countries. NCIRD epidemiologic and laboratory studies contributed to the evidence base in support of broader use of pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines, and NCIRD staff played key leadership or technical roles in public–private partnerships, such as the Hib Initiative ( 45 ) and pneumococcal and rotavirus Accelerated Development and Introduction Plans ( 46 ), funded by Gavi, and provided laboratory and statistical support to the Meningitis Vaccine Project led by PATH (Seattle, WA, USA) and WHO. Use of Hib vaccine increased from 19 Gavi-supported countries in 2005 to all 73 by 2014.…”

Section: Global Vaccine-preventable Disease Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Vaccine-Preventable and Respiratory Infectious Diseases—First 10 Years of the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 2006–2015

Schuchat¹,

Anderson²,

Rodewald³

et al. 2018

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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The need for closer linkages between scientific and programmatic areas focused on addressing vaccine-preventable and acute respiratory infections led to establishment of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During its first 10 years (2006–2015), NCIRD worked with partners to improve preparedness and response to pandemic influenza and other emergent respiratory infections, provide an evidence base for addition of 7 newly recommended vaccines, and modernize vaccine distribution. Clinical tools were developed for improved conversations with parents, which helped sustain childhood immunization as a social norm. Coverage increased for vaccines to protect adolescents against pertussis, meningococcal meningitis, and human papillomavirus–associated cancers. NCIRD programs supported outbreak response for new respiratory pathogens and oversaw response of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Other national public health institutes might also find closer linkages between epidemiology, laboratory, and immunization programs useful.

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Progress towards Demonstrating the Impact of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines Globally

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Non-Serotype B Disease in Ontario, Canada from 2004 to 2013

Progress in Vaccine-Preventable and Respiratory Infectious Diseases—First 10 Years of the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 2006–2015

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