Mortality among amphetamine users: A systematic review of cohort studies

Singleton, Jessica; Degenhardt, Louisa; Hall, Wayne; Zábranský, Tomáš

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.05.028

Cited by 91 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Furthermore, those earlier reviews did not examine the potential impact of study-level variables, variation across countries, or of participant-level variables that could affect both mortality rates and differences in causes of death, yet study-level evidence suggests that males who inject drugs may be at higher risk of dying than females and that different types of drugs are associated with different risks of death. [3][4][5] Findings from other reviews have also suggested that rates of death among people who are dependent on opioids are different from the rates of death observed in people who are dependent on stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine type stimulants. [3][4][5] In recent years the number of studies reporting on mortality among people who inject drugs has increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5] Findings from other reviews have also suggested that rates of death among people who are dependent on opioids are different from the rates of death observed in people who are dependent on stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine type stimulants. [3][4][5] In recent years the number of studies reporting on mortality among people who inject drugs has increased. Hence, the objective of this review was to determine the following:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mathers

Degenhardt

Bucello

et al. 2013

Bull. World Health Organ.

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380

308

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mathers

Degenhardt

Bucello

et al. 2013

Bull. World Health Organ.

Self Cite

380

308

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…already using illegal drugs). Epidemic models of this kind generally imply the existence of a 'tipping point' known as the epidemic threshold [5]. Once the supply of 'susceptibles' falls below the epidemic threshold, the size of the 'infected' (i.e.…”

Section: We Know Too Little About Demand: Comments On 'Cocaine's Fall'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cocaine, and particularly crack cocaine, is no doubt more harmful to the individual and society than marijuana [2]. While some have argued that the scientific basis for such rankings are incomplete, objectively speaking, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for heroin (SMR = 15), cocaine and methamphetamines (SMR = 4 to 8) are exceptionally high [3][4][5], whereas marijuana is not associated with an elevated risk of mortality [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The rise of marijuana and the fall of cocaine in the United States: for better, for worse?

Nosyk

Wood

2015

Addiction

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“…We used data sources from recent and methodologically comparable systematic reviews of the association between suicide and mental and substance use disorders (83,(194)(195)(196), specifically affective disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia (14 studies from these 3 disorder groups) (83), cocaine, opioid, and amphetamine dependence (24 studies) (194,195), s and alcohol dependence (12 studies) (196). We expanded the Li and collaborators systematic review and replicated the literature search (83) to collect data for bipolar disorder and MDD separately (rather than affective disorders combined), and anorexia nervosa which was not included in the original review.…”

Section: Literature Search To Identify Relative-risk Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulating a complete epidemiological profile of major depressive disorder: Investigating the global distribution, risk factors, outcomes, and burden of major depressive disorder

Ferrari¹

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BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) has been previously recognized as a severely impacting disorder.Although effective intervention strategies exist, access to treatment remains low, particularly in low-to middle-income countries. The purpose of this thesis was to formulate a complete epidemiological profile for MDD. This involved investigating (1) the global distribution of MDD;(2) the global burden of MDD in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and years lost to premature mortality (YLLs) for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010); (3) the contribution of MDD as a risk factor to the distribution and burden of suicide and ischemic heart disease; and (4) the risk factors of MDD and related avenues for further research. Such an epidemiological profile assists in identifying the size of the population who may need intervention for MDD. It provides policy-makers with information that can, along with considerations of cost-effectiveness and equity, be used in resource allocation within the health sector. For researchers, it identifies where the gaps in the literature exist regarding the epidemiology of MDD which need to be addressed with future research. MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted to capture studies of the prevalence, incidence, duration, and excess-mortality associated with MDD. Data points were integrated into a statistical disease model using DisMod-MR, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. DisMod-MR predicts epidemiological data for parameters and parts of the world with no raw data and also accommodates known methodological and ecological determinants of MDD.To estimate burden, disability weights measuring the severity of health loss from MDD were obtained from population survey data. These were combined with DisMod-MR prevalence data to calculate YLDs for MDD by age, sex, year, and country. To calculate YLLs, comparative risk assessment methodology was used to explore MDD as a risk factor for both suicide and ischemic heart disease. Data from additional systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses were used to obtain the pooled relative-risk of (1) ischemic heart disease in those exposed to MDD, and (2) suicide in those exposed to select mental and substance use disorders including MDD. For each risk factor-outcome pairing, population attributable fractions were calculated from the pooled relativerisks and DisMod-MR prevalence data. These were then used to calculate the proportion of DALYs originally allocated to ischemic heart disease and suicide in GBD 2010 which could be re-assigned iii to MDD. Finally, an investigation into the risk factors for MDD was presented, with a working example of how two previously established risk factors, child sexual abuse (CSA) and intimate partner violence (IPV), can impact on the distribution of MDD. ResultsThe literature search for epidemiological data identified 116 prevalence, 4 incidence, 5 duration, and 11 excess-mortality studies. DisMod-MR estimated over 298 million poi...

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Mortality among amphetamine users: A systematic review of cohort studies

Cited by 91 publications

References 22 publications

Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The rise of marijuana and the fall of cocaine in the United States: for better, for worse?

Formulating a complete epidemiological profile of major depressive disorder: Investigating the global distribution, risk factors, outcomes, and burden of major depressive disorder

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