Mortalidad general e infantil en Chile en el largo plazo, 1909-2017

Rivero-Cantillano, Rodrigo; Rivas, Javier; Allende, Martina

doi:10.4067/s0034-98872021000701047

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our new evidence provides further support to the idea that Chilean standards of living improved significantly during the period of industrialisation led by the state. The increased life expectancy of Chileans, and the low mortality rates among the elderly nowadays [ 25 ] may be linked to the diminution of malnutrition 60–80 years earlier, as Deaton suggested with reference to developed countries [ 32 ]. In addition, it conforms to the idea that the nutritional status affects the time of death [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, despite these undeniable improvements, moderate and severe stunting were not fully eradicated in Chile during the period covered by this study, not even by the 1990s. The persistence of some social evils persisted: A delayed nutrition transition (i.e., only from the 1990s did the Chilean dietary energy consumption increase above 2.700 kcal per person per day); persistent inequality in both health and education [ 25 , 85 ]; income inequality and poverty; and even some child labour. We expect other scholars to follow Salvatore and our own studies, to be able to perform comparative studies between Argentina, Chile, and the rest of the Latin American countries for which there is comparable evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Infant mortality rates in Chile (boys only), 1900s–1990s (number of infant deaths for every 1000 live births). Source: Own elaboration from Llorca-Jaña et al [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“… General mortality rates in Chile, 1860s–1990s (deaths per 1000 inhabitants). Source: Own elaboration from Díaz et al [ 62 ] and Llorca-Jaña et al [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, we have contrasted our new malnutrition estimates with newly available information on mortality rates [ 25 ] (as better nutrition and better health lowers mortality by improving resistance to diseases [ 26 ]), and on per capita consumption of both energy and key foodstuffs in Chile from the 1930s [ 27 , 28 ], which is also available per decade of birth. At this point, it is important to mention that stunting is not only the result of a poor diet, but it also depends on the existence of other demands on the body’s energy supplies, such as childhood disease or child labour [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

Traverso

Vásquez

Rivas

2021

IJERPH

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Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Infant mortality rates in Chile (boys only), 1900s–1990s (number of infant deaths for every 1000 live births). Source: Own elaboration from Llorca-Jaña et al [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“… General mortality rates in Chile, 1860s–1990s (deaths per 1000 inhabitants). Source: Own elaboration from Díaz et al [ 62 ] and Llorca-Jaña et al [ 25 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

Traverso

Vásquez

Rivas

2021

IJERPH

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Relationship between national changes in mobility due to non-pharmaceutical interventions and emergency department visits due to pediatric acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

Rubio

Carvajal

Gatica

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BackgroundStrong social distancing measures were quickly implemented in Chile during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. One of the aims of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) mandates was to decrease overcrowding, thus is usually measured as mobility changes.Methodswe gather data from national health statistics for pediatric emergency (PED) visits for acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children younger than 15. We defined a historical cohort, including data from 2016 to 2019, and compared them with 2020 and 2021 pandemic years. Also, Chile’s national mobility reports from the online google database were downloaded. We tested the correlation between changes in mobility and relative reduction in PED-ARI by Spearman’s Rank Test.ResultsHistorical data showed a mean of 46863 ± 3071 PED-ARI weekly visits with a high seasonal variation, with two peaks in weeks 20 and 28 and weeks 32 to 36. This transient drop was temporally associated with the mid-winter 2-week holiday of schools. The usual PED visits peaks did not occur in 2020 and 2021. Mobility declined from week 9, reaching lower than historical data from week 12 and a minimum of 43% in week 15 of 2020 (Figure 1).The correlation between mobility and PED-ARI visits showed a strong monotonic relationship (quadratic) with a Spearman’s rho of 0.80 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.86) (Figure 2).ConclusionNPI resulting in a decrease in mobility should be considered a robust public health measure to relieve the winter’s collapse of the national health system, decreasing morbimortality in children due to PED-ARI.WHAT’S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECTA remarkable decrease in pediatric respiratory infections has been described during the pandemic, although the causes are still poorly understood.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDSIn a historical cohort before the pandemic, we observed a temporal association between mid-winter holidays and the gap between the two peaks of acute pediatric respiratory infections. We found a strong correlation between national mobility changes due to non-pharmaceutical interventions and acute pediatric respiratory infections during the pandemic. Therefore, timely implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions might be considered as a robust public health measure to attenuate the seasonal epidemic of non-COVID viral acute respiratory infections. With these data, we wonder if the time has come to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions to mitigate the stress, and frequently collapse, of national health systems due to the increase in pediatric acute respiratory infection, placing children as a priority, and provide the best care to this vulnerable population.

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The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile

Espinoza,

Severino,

Balmaceda

et al. 2023

Int J Equity Health

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Background Life expectancy (LE) has usually been used as a metric to monitor population health. In the last few years, metrics such as Quality-Adjusted-Life-Expectancy (QALE) and Health-Adjusted-Life- Expectancy (HALE) have gained popularity in health research, given their capacity to capture health related quality of life, providing a more comprehensive approach to the health concept. We aimed to estimate the distribution of the LE, QALEs and HALEs across Socioeconomic Status in the Chilean population. Methods Based on life tables constructed using Chiang II´s method, we estimated the LE of the population in Chile by age strata. Probabilities of dying were estimated from mortality data obtained from national registries. Then, life tables were stratified into five socioeconomic quintiles, based on age-adjusted years of education (pre-school, early years to year 1, primary level, secondary level, technical or university). Quality weights (utilities) were estimated for age strata and SES, using the National Health Survey (ENS 2017). Utilities were calculated using the EQ-5D data of the ENS 2017 and the validated value set for Chile. We applied Sullivan´s method to adjust years lived and convert them into QALEs and HALEs. Results LE at birth for Chile was estimated in 80.4 years, which is consistent with demographic national data. QALE and HALE at birth were 69.8 and 62.4 respectively. Men are expected to live 6.1% less than women. However, this trend is reversed when looking at QALEs and HALEs, indicating the concentration of higher morbidity in women compared to men. The distribution of all these metrics across SES showed a clear gradient in favour of a better-off population-based on education quintiles. The absolute and relative gaps between the lowest and highest quintile were 15.24 years and 1.21 for LE; 18.57 HALYs and 1.38 for HALEs; and 21.92 QALYs and 1.41 for QALEs. More pronounced gradients and higher gaps were observed at younger age intervals. Conclusion The distribution of LE, QALE and HALEs in Chile shows a clear gradient favouring better-off populations that decreases over people´s lives. Differences in LE favouring women contrast with differences in HALEs and QALEs which favour men, suggesting the need of implementing gender-focused policies to address the case-mix complexity. The magnitude of inequalities is greater than in other high-income countries and can be explained by structural social inequalities and inequalities in access to healthcare.

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Mortalidad general e infantil en Chile en el largo plazo, 1909-2017

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

Relationship between national changes in mobility due to non-pharmaceutical interventions and emergency department visits due to pediatric acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile

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