Morphometric and Molecular Characterization of Anastrepha Species in the spatulata Group (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Abstract

Seven species in the spatulata group were studied, namely Anastrepha alveata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha manihoti Lima, 1934, Anastrepha montei Lima, 1934, Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934, Anastrepha spatulata Stone, 1942, Anastrepha entodontaCanal, Uramoto & Zucchi, 2013, and AnastrephahadropickeliCanal, Uramoto & Zucchi, 2013. The molecular analysis was based on sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene and morphometric studies were based on the aculeus (traditional morphometry) and wings (geometric morphometry). The aculeus tip length, the aculeus width at the end of the cloacal opening, and the serrate part length contributed significantly to the differentiation among species in the group. Based on multivariate tests, the canonical variables were statistically significant, indicating a difference in the wing shape among species. The landmarks related to intersection of veins R4+5 and C, intersection of vein M with apical margin, intersection of vein A1 + Cu2 with posterior margin, and intersection of vein Cu4 and M contributed most to the wing shape. The molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that A. entodonta was closer to the group comprising A. pickeli and A. manihoti. Specimens of A. alveata from Mexico and Brazil clustered together with 100% support. A. spatulata was recovered as a sister group of A. montei, despite the clear differences in the aculeus shape of these two species.

Morphometry ofDiaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Six Rutaceae from Veracruz, Mexico

“…The results of this study reveal the presence of morphometrical variants of D. citri, which are possibly determined in part by the host plant taxon as well as abiotic factors (García-Barros 1999;Bomfim et al 2011). Berlocher & Feder (2002) mention that such changes may originate as a result of the insect migration, because they have to adapt to a geographic change, a new host or both.…”

“…For example, in Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Moran 1968) and D. citri (Wenninger et al 2009) changes in body color have been related to differences in body mass and fecundity (Moran 1968, Wenninger et al 2009). The biological significance of the morphological variation has not been totally understood because differences of the host plant and its influence can also be attributed to abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and precipitation (Bomfim et al 2011), photoperiod, and drought, among others (Hodkinson 2009). The fact that the morphs (polymorph variants) differ occasionally from the "normal" population type caused many to be described originally as different species (Mayr 1968).…”

Host effect on morphology of the fruit fly Anastrepha zenildae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the Semi‑Arid region of Rio Grande do Norte

“…Hernández-Ortiz et al (2015), using linear and geometric morphometrics to analyze 40 different populations of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex in several countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), found that the flies differed in wing, ovipositor and thorax shape. Similarly, Bomfim et al (2011), also using linear and geometric morphometrics, comparing Anastrepha pickeli Lima, 1934 flies from Paraguay, Bolivia and four different states in Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Manaus and Rio Grande do Norte), showed that they differed in wing shape, wing size and ovipositor shape, suggesting that A. pickeli could also be part of a cryptic species complex, whose species were later described (Canal et al, 2013).…”

Um Sistema de Reconhecimento de Espécies de Moscas-das-Frutas

“…Novos processos de identificação de insetos estão sendo usados como análises morfométricas e moleculares para uma identificação precisa das moscas-das-frutas do gênero Anastrepha [Bomfim et al 2011, Bomfim et al 2014. No entanto, Martineau et al [Martineau et al 2017] apontou que poucos trabalhos na literatura propuseram identificar o gênero Anastrepha através de processamento de imagem e técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina.…”