Morphology, phylogeny and azaspiracid profile of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the China Sea

Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

“…This conclusion is in line with the observations of Potvin et al (2012) and Gu et al (2013), who also used sediment incubation to obtain A. poporum cultures. A. dalianense likewise was recovered from long-term stored sediment samples .…”

“…Among species of Azadinium, cyst-like cells have been observed for only two species, A. polongum (Tillmann et al, 2012b) and Azadinium poporum . Successful isolation of A. poporum by incubating sediment samples Gu et al, 2013) is evidence for the presence of benthic resting stages in this species. Therefore, on the cruise sediment samples were taken in order to search for cysts of Azadinium and to use sediment in hatching experiments to obtain cultures of Azadinium.…”

“…27). However, by analysing a number of Chinese strains of A. poporum, Gu et al (2013) showed that the shape of Plate 3 0 can be variable among cells of a single strain ranging from being wide and symmetrical to narrow and symmetrical only in lateral view. The same variability in shape of the 3 0 plate was obvious in clonal cultures of the Argentinean isolates.…”

Mediterranean Azadinium dexteroporum (Dinophyceae) produces six novel azaspiracids and azaspiracid-35: a structural study by a multi-platform mass spectrometry approach

“…The MS behavior of AZAs is indeed characteristic and it has been studied widely using either tandem MS or high resolution MS analyzers [9,[23][24][25]. Over the last years, new dinophycean species other than A. spinosum have been identified as AZA producers, including Amphidoma languida from Bantry Bay and two species in the genus Azadinium, i.e., Azadinium poporum from the North Sea, Korea [12], and the China Sea [26], and Azadinium dexteroporum from the Mediterranean Sea [13]. The latter species, first described based on a strain isolated in the Gulf of Naples [13], was later retrieved in Arctic waters [27], but the cold water strain slightly differed in molecular sequence data and did not produce any AZA.…”

Toxigenic algae and associated phycotoxins in two coastal embayments in the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean)

“…Toxins surveyed included DA, gymnodimine (GYM), spirolide (SPX) A, spirolide B, 13-desmethylspirolide C (SPX-1), spirolide G, 13-desmethylspirolide D, spirolide C, 20-methylspirolide G, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin (DTX) 1, 2, pectenotoxin (PTX) 1, 2, pectenotoxin-2-seco-acid (PTX-2sa), pectenotoxin-4, -8, -11, -12, -13, -14 and yessotoxin (YTX). All samples were analyzed for the presence of azaspiracids (AZAs) with a specific SRM method for all known AZAs, as described in Gu et al (2013). In addition, the samples were screened for the karlotoxins listed in Place et al (2012, Fig .…”