Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

Abstract

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus. The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the ‘arco antorbitario’ (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.

Ontogeny and phylogeny of the mammalian chondrocranium: the cupula nasi anterior and associated structures of the anterior head region

“…The processus alaris superior can be absent (0) or present (1) (= character 1 of Neto [ 49 ]). Synonyms: Cartilago alaris of Fischer [ 10 ], processus alaris nasi inferior of Fawcett [ 31 ].…”

“…7c , 8 ), as the structures surrounding the nares, but in some early placental stages, such as in Echinops telfairi , the process is missing, or still pre-cartilaginous like in Acomys dimidiatus . On the contrary, in Galea musteloides [ 49 ], the process becomes reduced through ontogeny, and in Castor fiber [ 38 ], the process is completely resorbed in adults. In several rodents, the process is separate from the paries nasi in later stages, as in Octodon degus [ 22 ], Sciurus vulgaris [ 38 ], and Peromyscus maniculatus [ 28 ].…”

The ethmoid and presphenoid of cetaceans

“…Also, some confusion arises over the term spina mesethmoidalis. Its use is limited to embryology or chondrocranium (Zeller, 1987;Silva Neto, 2000;Jastrow and Oelschl€ ager, 2006;Schunke and Zeller, 2010;St€ oßel et al, 2010;Ruf et al, 2015), but Domning (1978) and Gingerich (1994) referred to the spina mesethmoidalis in adult fossil sirenians, and Arnold and Heinsohn (1996) used the term for a grown individual of the Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris.…”

Genética poblacional de cobayas de Colombia, Cavia spp. (Rodentia: Caviidae) con marcadores moleculares RAPD

“…Por otra parte, C. porcellus es un modelo biológico básico como material en laboratorios para investigación médica y biológica, siendo utilizado en estudios que incluyen estructura social y comportamiento (Sachser et al 1999;Hohoff et al 2001, Touma et al 2001a, historia de vida (Trillmich y Linke 2001), fisiología de hormonas (Touma et al2001b), procesos infecciosos (Verma et al 2000), selección de pareja (Adkins et al 2001), morfología comparada (Drees et al 2001, Vieytes et al 2001, filogenia y sistemática molecular (Da Silva Neto 2000, Atkins et al 2001, Gallardo y Kirsch 2001, Mouchaty et al 2001, ecogenética (Kuenkele 2000a, b, Trillmich 2000, estudios sobre el sueño (Darchia et al 2000, Gvilla et al 2000, visión de los colores (Yokohama y Radlwimmer 1999), estrés (Sachser et al 1998) y procesos de domesticación (Sachser 1998, Spotorno et al 2006.…”