Morphology evolution of ZrB2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method

Carbothermal reduction synthesis of ZrB2 nanofibers via pre-oxidized electrospun zirconium n-propoxide

“…The unique combination of these properties makes ZrB 2 a promising candidate for using as thermal protection materials, cutting tools, high temperature electrodes, and molten metal crucibles [3,4]. Although different methods of synthesis such as solid-state reaction [5], electrochemical [6], mechanochemical [7] and self-propagating high-temperature [8] have been applied for its synthesis, however barriers, such as high synthesis temperature, long production period, low purity, relatively large crystallite size and poor sinterability, are still considered to be the challenges [9,10]. One-dimensional (1D) structures exhibit a number of unique features and properties, such as long length, high surface area, and hierarchically porous structure with excellent pore interconnectivity and enhanced electron and phonon transport properties.…”

Ultra-fine zirconium diboride powders prepared by a combined sol–gel and spark plasma sintering technique

“…Yan et al [8] synthesized ZrB 2 powder using inorganic-organic hybrid precursors of zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl 2 Á8H 2 O), phenolic resin and boric acid as sources of zirconia, carbon and boron respectively. Ji et al [9] formed a Zr-O-C-B network structure by using sorbitol as a chemical modifier, which allowed the reduction reaction to reach formation of ZrB 2 powder at 1450°C after 1 h. Zhang et al [10] used carbo/borothermal reduction processes for preparing ZrB 2 products from a soluble organic mixture of polyborazine. However, these synthesizing processes usually require long production time to complete the chemical reaction that will lead to the grain growth [11,12].…”

Synthesis of zirconium, hafnium and their ternary borides by a polymer complex route

“…Nevertheless, these borides are expensive and are not commercially available with small particle size. Despite a large number of papers about the synthesis of metal borides [4][5][6][7][8][9], a general environmentally benign and competitive synthetic method is still looking for. In recent years, the sol-gel method is an effective method to synthesize fine boride particles and is extensively studied for its broad availability [4][5][6].…”

“…Despite a large number of papers about the synthesis of metal borides [4][5][6][7][8][9], a general environmentally benign and competitive synthetic method is still looking for. In recent years, the sol-gel method is an effective method to synthesize fine boride particles and is extensively studied for its broad availability [4][5][6]. However, the sol-gel process usually using alkoxide as metal source is extremely sensitive to moisture; besides, this process usually involves the use of hazardous solvents [4][5][6][7].…”

“…In recent years, the sol-gel method is an effective method to synthesize fine boride particles and is extensively studied for its broad availability [4][5][6]. However, the sol-gel process usually using alkoxide as metal source is extremely sensitive to moisture; besides, this process usually involves the use of hazardous solvents [4][5][6][7]. Drawing inspiration from water-soluble polymer precursor routes, which always involve the use of polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol as coordinating organic polymers to synthesize metal oxides [10,11], we come up with an aqueous polymer complex route to synthesize zirconium, hafnium and their ternary borides.…”