“…The calculated Ce 3+ content (F(Ce 3+ )) was only 16.76% in CeO 2 . With the increase of W content, F(Ce 3+ ) increased in the proportions of 19.98, 22.68, and 29.77% in CeO 2 -W-L, CeO 2 -W-M, and CeO 2 -W-H, respectively, suggesting that the introduced W–O species on CeO 2 -W changed the state of Ce promoting the generation of Ce 3+ . , We also investigated the valence states of Ce elements on CeO 2 -S catalysts. It was observed that with the increase of S loading, the Ce 3+ contents in CeO 2 , CeO 2 -S-L, CeO 2 -S-M, and CeO 2 -S-H catalysts were also increased in a sequential trend of 16.76, 18.84, 20.02, and 26.62%, respectively.…”