Morphology‐Controlled Synthesis of CuO, CuO Rod/MWW Composite for Advanced Oxidation of Indole and Benzothiophene

Abstract

Various morphologies of copper (II) oxide (CuO) such as dandelion, sea anemone, walnut, leaf, dendrite, rod, fiber, feather, and flake were synthesized and characterized by different methods. The oxidation of indole (IND) and benzothiophene (BT) in mild conditions was studied by various morphologies of CuO. Walnut with the lowest surface area 7.928 (m2g−1) and rod with a high surface area 41.237 (m2g−1) had efficiencies of 5.93% and 91.44% for IND and 0.53% and 88.29% for BT at 4 h, respectively. Zeolite MWW was synthesized by microwave and hydrothermal method on which CuO rod was loaded via wet impregnation method. The results indicated that CuO rod/MWW composite considerably outperformed CuO rod. The oxidations of IND and BT by CuO rod/MWW composite for 75 min was 99.99 and 97.67%, respectively. Based on the results across all experiments, the oxidation of the IND was higher than that of BT. CuO rod/MWW composite was shown to be an efficient catalyst for oxidation of nitrogen and sulfur heterocycles.

Recent Advances and Challenges in Developing Technological Methods Assisting Oxidative Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels: A Review

“…Various types of photocatalysts, such as TiO 2 , , CeO 2 /TiO 2 , , CeO 2 /attapulgite (ATP)/g-C 3 N 4 , ATP-CeO 2 /MoS 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 /MoO 3 , Cu 2 O tetrapod/MWW, CuO rod/MWW, Cu 2 O–CeO 2 , BaFe 2 O 4 , Ag-AgBr/Al-MCM-41, Ti–Al–SBA-15, C/TiO 2 @MCM-41, graphene oxide (GO), Ag-BiVO 4 , Pt-RuO 2 /BiVO 4 , MoO 3 -TMU-5, C/TiO 2 @MCM-41, Ti 3 C 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , CeF 3 /g-C 3 N 4 , g-C 3 N 4 /ZnTcPc, MTcPc/SnO 2 , Ni–Co 2 layered double hydroxides (LDH)/Fe 3 O 4 , Ni–Fe 2 LDH, Co–Fe 2 LDH, Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /Bi 2 WO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 , Cu/Cu 2 O/BiVO 4 /Bi 7 VO 13 , AgCl/PbMoO 4 , BiVO 4 (CoCuAl/BiVO 4 ), BiP 1– x V x O 4 /ATP, Ag 2 WO 4 /Mn 3 O 4 , Ag/AgI/α-MoO 3 , AgI/Bi 2 O 3 , and Ag–Bi 2 WO 6 , were employed in the PODS process.…”

Key Factors Affecting the Development of Oxidative Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels: A Critical Review

“…The presence of tungsten (IX) facilitates the donation of electrons to peroxo species, making them more nucleophilic. Some metal oxides such as TiO 2 , ZnO/TiO 2 /TiO 2 , , Cu 2 O-CeO 2 , Cu 2 O tetrapod/MWW, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 /MoO 3 , and CuO rod/MWW can act as photocatalysts. TiO 2 , CeO 2 , and ZnO demonstrate excellent photocatalytic properties when exposed to UV light, although their wide band gap (more than 3 eV) has limited their activity in the visible region .…”

“…Some ILs can act as both extractant and catalyst such as [Omim]­[HSO 4 ], [BPy]­[BF 4 ], and [EimC 4 SO 3 H]­NTf 2 . Some ILs can be applied as only catalysts such as [Cn­(mim) 2 ]­Cl 2 /mFeCl 3 , [EMIM]­[NiCl 2 ], [EMIM]­[CoCl 2 ], [EMIM]­[MnCl 2 ], [PW 12 O 40 ], − …”

Cu(II)/Z4A as an Efficient Nanocomposite for Oxidative Degradation of Indole and Optimization of Effective Factors via RSM Procedure

“…Crude oil consists of different nitrogen and sulfur contents, the major factors of undesirable phenomena, such as air pollution and acidic rain. These phenomena are widely blamed for causing serious threats for the health of all species on the earth; thus, researchers are challenging vigorously to find out more efficient approaches for removing these compounds from the oil cuts [1,2]. One of these compounds, indole, is containing nitrogen, which produces nitrogen oxides (NOX) when burned for industrial purposes, and is dispersed into the environment in different ways such as burning fossil fuels and some other industrial activities [3][4][5].…”