Recent Advances and Challenges in Developing Technological Methods Assisting Oxidative Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels: A Review

Abstract

To meet the requirements of sulfur standards, the desulfurization of liquid fuels is crucial. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has been widely employed to desulfurize liquid fuels. Various techniques can be combined with ODS to increase its efficiency. The present study surveys recent advances in the techniques of ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization, plasma oxidative desulfurization, microwave-assisted oxidative desulfurization, hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted oxidative desulfurization, photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization, electrochemical oxidative desulfurization, magnetic field-assisted oxidative desulfurization, and bio-oxidative desulfurization. The advantages, drawbacks, and prospects of each method to desulfurize liquid fuels have been reviewed. All of these methods are in the research and development phases and often are at the laboratory stage. However, ultrasoundassisted ODS has been extensively investigated and its usage in industrial plants has been reported. The industrial applications of ODS and techniques assisted with ODS require more investigation.

Introducing VO2+ Group in Phosphomolybdic Acid and Supporting on MOF-808 for Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization

“…However, HDS is not currently an ideal reaction path for the effective removal of all sulfides, especially aromatic sulfur compounds. , Moreover, it must be mentioned that HDS is carried out at high temperature and high hydrogen pressure with high energy consumption, and the fatal disadvantage of HDS is the reduction in the octane number of gas oil . In contrast, oxidative desulfurization (ODS – ) carries out under a relatively mild condition, not only reduces the energy consumption of the desulfurization process but also improves the desulfurization efficiency . ODS has received more and more attention in recent years. , …”

Keggin-Type Heteropolyanions Immobilized on Phosphorus Slag Derived SiO2: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization Activity

“…These techniques include extractive ODS, plasma ODS, photocatalytic ODS, mixing-assisted ODS, microwave-assisted ODS, magnetic field-assisted ODS, ultrasound-assisted ODS, bio-ODS, and electrochemical ODS. 2,8 In the ODS process, heterocyclic organosulfur compounds are converted to sulfones or sulfoxides using an oxidant in the presence of an appropriate catalyst. The oxidized S-compounds are then separated from the liquid fuel through extraction, filtration, and adsorption methods.…”

“…Recently, different techniques have been combined with ODS to enhance its performance. These techniques include extractive ODS, plasma ODS, photocatalytic ODS, mixing-assisted ODS, microwave-assisted ODS, magnetic field-assisted ODS, ultrasound-assisted ODS, bio-ODS, and electrochemical ODS. , …”

Using Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates of PWFe@Fe2O3@Carbon Fiber and PWFe@Fe2O3@Pumice Stone for Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Liquid Model Fuel

“…In the ODS process, sulfur-containing compounds and an oxidant with or without a catalyst react chemically at ambient pressure and a relatively low temperature. The resulting substances (sulfoxides/sulfones) can then be eliminated from the fuel using adsorbents or polar solvents . For the ODS of liquid fuels, various catalysts were employed including, metal-free, metal complexes, metal oxides, polyoxometalates (POMs), ionic liquids, titanosilicates, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (CAFs), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), Fenton and Fenton-like, and enzymes were applied for the ODS of liquid fuels …”