Morphology and mechanical properties of nanostructured thermoset/block copolymer blends with carbon nanoparticles

Martin-Gallego, Mario; Verdejo, Raquel; Gestos, Adrian; López–Manchado, Miguel A.; Guo, Qipeng

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.01.010

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…By contrast, the L121 treated CNW/epoxy composites shows a decrease in flexural storage modulus at Considering the higher affinity of the L121 surfactant towards the epoxy matrix due to its lower HLB and higher molecular weight by comparison with the L61 surfactant, it can be hypothesized that a significant portion of the L121 surfactant was not adsorbed by the CNWs but rather dispersed in the matrix. Also, considering the lower CMC of this surfactant (Table 1), micelle formation inside the epoxy matrix is possible (Ruiz-Pérez et al 2008;Martin-Gallego et al 2015). Such structures may act as toughening domains during tensile testing at room temperature in which the epoxy matrix is in its glassy state (RuizPérez et al 2008).…”

Section: Fracture Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Use of surfactants in cellulose nanowhisker/epoxy nanocomposites: effect on filler dispersion and system properties

et al. 2015

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Cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) prepared via TEMPO mediated oxidation are used as biodegradable filler in an epoxy matrix. Since CNWs are hydrophilic and epoxy is hydrophobic, amphiphilic block copolymer surfactants are employed to improve the interactions between the filler and the matrix. The surfactants used are Pluronics, a family of triblock copolymers containing two poly(ethylene oxide) blocks and one poly(propylene oxide) block. In this study, Pluronic L61 and L121 with molecular weight of 2000 and 4400 g/mol and hydrophilic to lipophilic balance of 3 and 1 respectively, are used and their effect on the dispersion of CNWs in epoxy is discussed. The hydrophilic tails of Pluronics interact with the hydroxyl and carboxylic groups on the CNW surface and then these surfactant-treated CNWs are directly incorporated into epoxy by high speed mixing. The dispersion state of the surfactant-treated CNWs in epoxy is assessed by rheological measurements and the mechanical properties of the resulting composites are characterized by tensile test and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The Pluronic L61 treated CNW/ epoxy composites show the highest storage modulus at high temperatures (about 77 % increases) indicative of improved interfacial interactions between the CNWs and the epoxy matrix. Also, an increase of around 10°C in the glass-rubbery transition temperature of the L61 treated CNW/epoxy composite leads to potential application at higher service temperatures.

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Section: Fracture Surface Morphologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Use of surfactants in cellulose nanowhisker/epoxy nanocomposites: effect on filler dispersion and system properties

et al. 2015

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“…Examples of these are papers by Larrañaga et al . who worked with different fractions of PEO‐PPO‐PEO in epoxy and Martin‐Gallego et al . who investigated possibilities in a thermoset/triblock copolymer/carbon‐based system (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the ratio (PEG:PPG) of a triblock copolymer (PPG‐b‐PEG‐b‐PPG) in the cure kinetics, miscibility and thermal and mechanical properties in an epoxy matrix

Silva

Bello

Coelho

2018

Polymer International

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of different poly(ethylene glycol):poly(propylene glycol) (PEG:PPG) molar ratios in a triblock copolymer in the cure kinetics, miscibility and thermal and mechanical properties in an epoxy matrix. The poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) (PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG) triblock copolymers used had two different molecular masses: 3300 and 2000 g mol −1 . The mass concentration of PEG in the copolymer structure played a key role in the miscibility and cure kinetics of the blend as well as in the thermal-mechanical properties. Phase separation was observed only for blends formed with the 3300 g mol −1 triblock copolymer at 20 wt%. Concerning thermal properties, the miscibility of the copolymer in the epoxy matrix reduced the T g value by 13 ∘ C, although a 62% increase in fracture toughness (K IC ) was observed. After the addition of PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG with 3300 g mol −1 there was a reduction in the modulus of elasticity by 8% compared to the neat matrix; no significant changes were observed in T g values for the immiscible system. The use of PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG with 2000 g mol −1 reduced the modulus of elasticity by approximately 47% and increased toughness (K IC ) up to 43%. Finally, for the curing kinetics of all materials, the incorporation of the triblock copolymer PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG delayed the cure reaction of the DGEBA/DDM (DGEBA, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; DDM, Q3-4,4 ′ -Diaminodiphenylmethane) system when there is miscibility and accelerated the cure reaction when it is immiscible. All experimental curing reactions could be fitted to the Kamal autocatalytic model presenting an excellent agreement with experimental data. This model was able to capture some interesting features of the addition of triblock copolymers in an epoxy resin.

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“…However, the blends exhibit a shoulder at around 212 °C. The shoulder is attributed to the reaction induced phase separation of TBCP from the epoxy/DDS matrix due to the immiscibility of PPO and partial miscibility of PEO blocks . The exothermal peak maximum temperature ( T p ) increases from 181 °C, for neat epoxy, to 189 and 195 °C, for epoxy/TBCP blends containing 15 and 30 phr of TBCP, respectively (Table ) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the type of hardener and curing conditions, micro and nanostructures will be generated in BCP‐modified epoxy systems . Recent researches have shown that poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer (TBCP) is a good toughening agent for epoxy systems due to its amphiphilic nature . Researchers have studied the phase separation behavior effect of curing conditions and curing temperature on the morphology, effect of nanofillers on the mechanical properties of epoxy/PEO–PPO–PEO blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent researches have shown that poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer (TBCP) is a good toughening agent for epoxy systems due to its amphiphilic nature . Researchers have studied the phase separation behavior effect of curing conditions and curing temperature on the morphology, effect of nanofillers on the mechanical properties of epoxy/PEO–PPO–PEO blends. However, no systematic studies have been reported on the cure behavior, thermomechanical and surface properties of these blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reaction‐induced phase separation and resulting thermomechanical and surface properties of epoxy resin/poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) blends cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone

Parameswaranpillai

Jose

Siengchin

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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We investigated the phase separation, cure kinetics and thermomechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A/4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone/poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer (TBCP) blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force microscopy revealed that the blends exhibited heterogeneous phase morphology in which the TBCP formed dispersed domains in epoxy matrix, due to reaction induced phase separation. A fraction of phase‐separated PEO phase underwent partial crystallization whereas another fraction formed interphases between the dispersed domains and epoxy matrix. Moreover, the dispersed PEO chains improved the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between the matrix and domains and, consequently, significantly improved the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. Furthermore, the thermal degradation studies and contact angle measurements disclosed that the dispersed domains were well protected by the epoxy matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44406.

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Morphology and mechanical properties of nanostructured thermoset/block copolymer blends with carbon nanoparticles

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Use of surfactants in cellulose nanowhisker/epoxy nanocomposites: effect on filler dispersion and system properties

Use of surfactants in cellulose nanowhisker/epoxy nanocomposites: effect on filler dispersion and system properties

The role of the ratio (PEG:PPG) of a triblock copolymer (PPG‐b‐PEG‐b‐PPG) in the cure kinetics, miscibility and thermal and mechanical properties in an epoxy matrix

Reaction‐induced phase separation and resulting thermomechanical and surface properties of epoxy resin/poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) blends cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone

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