Morphological features of cartilage observed during mandibular distraction in rabbits

Comparison of two protocols of periosteal distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit calvaria model

“…45,46 Expression of collagen II α1 mRNA in bone and soft tissue apparently varied during observation period in both groups, but was negligible compared to collagen I α1. This opposes the findings in mandibular DO.…”

Experimental comparison between tractional and compressive stress on temporomandibular joint

“…The study protocol was approved by the Tohoku University Committee on the Care and Use of Animals, Japan (2013‐062). In this study, we referred to the surgery protocol of Furuta et al (). The surgeries were performed under general anesthesia using intravascular pentobarbital of 0.35 mg/kg and intramuscular ketamine 60 mg/kg.…”

Experimental Study of Bone Lengthening in Dogs by Means of Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy

“…However, others have reported that endochondral and intramembranous ossification occur simultaneously during DO 12,13 . Recently, calcified chondroid tissue, which has characteristics of cartilage and bone, has been observed during DO 14–18 . This tissue contains both collagen types I and II, has a faster mineralization process, and is in a direction opposite to that of cartilage tissue.…”

“…This tissue contains both collagen types I and II, has a faster mineralization process, and is in a direction opposite to that of cartilage tissue. Because of its characteristics, chondroid tissue cannot be included in either ossification mechanism previously described during DO, and so a third mechanism of ossification has been postulated and termed “the transchondroid ossification.” 15,18 …”

“…Most observations of ossification of the distraction callus are based on methods that require specimen decalcification 3,8,13,15,16,18–24 . Other methods using undecalcified specimens have also been used for the study of bone ossification during DO, fetal growth, or bone healing 4,5,7,12,14,17,25–32 .…”